Bridging English

by Milner, Joseph O'Beirne; Milner, Lucy Floyd Morcock

Edition: 2nd

ISBN13: 9780137929467

ISBN10: 0137929463

Format: Paperback

Pub. Date: 1998-08-01

Publisher(s): Prentice Hall

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Summary

The third edition of this popular book again takes a balanced, comprehensive approach to teaching English one that creates a bridge between theory/background and practices that reflect today's diverse, challenging high school classrooms. This book has been praised for its unique components: discussion of " four stages" of reading texts and " three phases" of teaching texts. The authors' many years of experience teaching English are obvious throughout the material, but nowhere more so than in their straightforward presentation of organization and planning for instruction and their firm stand on teaching grammar. This book covers the challenging and the controversial in English instruction and explores censorship, national standards, high-stakes testing, multi-lingual students, and multicultural literature. For professionals in the field of teaching.

1 ENVISIONING ENGLISH

(15)

Initial Definitions

(2)

A Brief History

(1)

Core Beliefs

(10)

The Crazy Quilt of English

(1)

Importance of Core Beliefs

(1)

Confession

(1)

Traditional Principles of Learning

(1)

Alternative Beliefs About Learning

(5)

Four Perspectives on Language Learning

(1)

Beliefs About Literature Learning

(2)

Individual Decisions

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

2 CENTERING ON LANGUAGE

(32)

The Story of the English Language

(5)

The Uniqueness of English

(1)

A Brief History

(1)

Language Change and Stability

(1)

What Creates Variation

(1)

The Study of Language: Linguistics

(2)

Historical Linguistics

(1)

Descriptive Linguistics

(1)

Psychological/Sociological Linguistics

(1)

Structural Linguistics

(1)

The Instructional Debate

(10)

Descriptive or Prescriptive Grammar

(2)

The Linguistic Debate: Change Versus Stability

(1)

The Political Debate: Cultural Diversity

(4)

The Psychological or Biological Debate: Language Acquisition

(1)

The Practical Debate: Research and Experience in Grammar Instruction

(2)

Language Instruction

(6)

Levels of Usage

(1)

Strategies of Language Instruction

(3)

Basic Qualities in Language Instruction

(2)

Broadening Language Consciousness

(7)

Doublespeak

(1)

Four Language Consciousness Raising Activities

(2)

Whitworth's Tested Suggestions

(4)

Conclusion

(1)

3 DEVELOPING AN ORAL FOUNDATION

(32)

Classroom Talking and Listening

(3)

Classrooms in the U.S. and Abroad

(1)

Fundamental Assumptions

(1)

Classroom Environments for Talking and Listening

(1)

Oral Language Exercises

(7)

Ten Exercises

(6)

Creative Drama

(9)

The Teacher's Role

(1)

The Teacher's Content Goals

(1)

The Teacher's Process Goals

(2)

Rules of the Game

(1)

Resources

(1)

Activities

(4)

A Process of Response and Critique

(1)

Summary

(1)

Understanding Drama: Transformation and Appreciation

(8)

Ready-made Plays

(1)

Student-created Drama

(1)

Plot

(1)

Character

(3)

Theme

(1)

Form

(1)

Story Drama

(1)

Dramatic Approaches to Shakespeare

(3)

Performing Versus Reading Shakespeare

(1)

Seven Shakespearean Activities

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

4 RESPONDING TO LITERATURE

(51)

Why Read Literature?

(3)

The Death of Literature

(1)

The Life of Literature

(1)

Goals and Methods for Teaching Literature

(1)

Four Stages of Reading Literature

(2)

Reader Response

(1)

Interpretive Community

(1)

Formal Analysis

(1)

Critical Synthesis

(1)

Instructional Strategies/Teaching Activities

(1)

Reader Response

(14)

Personal Triggers

(1)

Suppositional Readers

(1)

Conceptual Readiness

(1)

Synergistic Texts

(1)

Personal Retrieval

(1)

Associative Recollections

(1)

Evoked Response

(1)

Dependent Authors

(1)

Imagine This

(1)

Polar Appraisals

(1)

Character Continuum

(1)

Character Map

(1)

Focal Judgments

(1)

Polar Response

(1)

Verbal Scales

(1)

Interrogative Reading

(1)

Jump Starts

(1)

Title Testing

(2)

Interpretive Community

(7)

At the Point of Utterance

100

(1)

Proximate Reading

100

(1)

Communal Judgments

101

(1)

Defining Vignetters

101

(1)

Readers' Theater

102

(1)

Assaying Characters

102

(2)

Psychological Profiles

104

(1)

Venn Diagramming

105

(1)

Formal Analysis

106

(11)

Teachable Moments

108

(1)

Unpacking Conventions

108

(1)

Formal Discussion Questions

109

(1)

Rules of Notice

109

(2)

The Questioning Circle

111

(1)

Imaging Conventions

112

(1)

Intertextuality

113

(2)

Contemporary Contrasts

113

(2)

Character Questions

115

(1)

Students Write

115

(1)

Authors Speak

116

(1)

Critical Synthesis

117

(11)

Early Critics and 11 Critical Approaches to Literature

118

(8)

Classroom Strategies

126

(2)

A Plea for Pluralism

128

(1)

The Reading Cycle: Enter, Explore, Extend

128

(2)

Enter

129

(1)

Explore

129

(1)

Extend

129

(1)

Choosing Strategies

129

(1)

Conclusion

130

(1)

5 REVIVING POETRY

131

(41)

Finding Poetry

133

(9)

Nonliterary Prose

133

(3)

Music

136

(2)

Advertising

138

(2)

Bumper Stickers

140

(1)

Unexpected Places

140

(2)

Forging Poetry

142

(13)

Templates

143

(3)

Fixed Forms

146

(6)

Open Forms

152

(2)

Wild Cards

154

(1)

Reading Poetry

155

(9)

Definition

155

(1)

Choice

156

(1)

Personal Response

156

(2)

Enactment

158

(2)

Visualization

160

(3)

Synthesis

163

(1)

Talking Poetry

164

(7)

Adolescent Readers

164

(2)

Choosing Poems

166

(1)

Listening to Poems

166

(1)

Discussing Poems

167

(1)

Poetry and Prose

168

(2)

Poets Talk

170

(1)

Conclusion

171

(1)

6 EXPANDING LITERACY

172

(45)

The Classics

172

(4)

Historical Roots of the High School Canon

172

(1)

Texts in the High School Canon

173

(3)

The Canon Wars

176

(2)

Cultural Literacy

176

(1)

Teaching the Tradition

177

(1)

Renewing the Canon

178

(1)

Three Challenges to the Canon

178

(4)

Deconstructionist Challenge

178

(1)

Reader Response Challenge

179

(1)

Critical Literacy Challenge

180

(2)

Fourth Challenge: Multicultural Literature

182

(8)

Women

182

(1)

African Americans

183

(2)

Native Americans

185

(2)

Hispanic Americans

187

(1)

Asian Americans

187

(1)

Canadians

188

(1)

South and Central Americans

189

(1)

Non-Europeans

189

(1)

Multicultural Literature in the Classroom

190

(7)

Classroom Environment

191

(1)

Literature Selections

191

(1)

Alternative Organization

191

(1)

Pairing

192

(1)

Resistant Reading

193

(1)

Student Assays

193

(1)

Perspective Taking

194

(1)

Enactment

195

(1)

Tackling Stereotypes

196

(1)

Fifth Challenge: Young Adult Fiction

197

(4)

The Expansion of Young Adult Fiction

197

(1)

Content

198

(1)

Form

199

(1)

Appeal

199

(1)

Young Adult Fiction and the Classics

200

(1)

Sixth Challenge: Genre Variety

201

(2)

Science Fiction

201

(2)

Censorship

203

(2)

Community Standards

203

(1)

School Policies

204

(1)

Allies

204

(1)

Expanding the Teaching of Literature

205

(8)

Response Chart

205

(1)

Character Circle

205

(1)

Story Quilt

206

(1)

Mobile

206

(1)

Guided Imagery

206

(1)

Song Search

206

(1)

Impromptu Drama

207

(2)

Classroom Drama

209

(1)

Imitations of Life

210

(1)

Response Journals

210

(3)

Literature Circles

213

(2)

A Reader's Bill of Rights

215

(1)

Conclusion

215

(2)

7 ASSAYING NONFICTION

217

(19)

Why Teach Nonfiction?

218

(2)

Nonfiction Genres in the Classroom

220

(15)

Essays

220

(2)

Biographies

222

(2)

Autobiographies and Memoirs

224

(3)

Testimonials

227

(1)

Diaries and Journals

228

(1)

Letters

229

(3)

Miscellaneous Nonfiction Books

232

(2)

Newspapers

234

(1)

Nonfiction in the Fiction Classroom

235

(1)

Conclusion

235

(1)

8 MAKING MEDIA MATTER

236

(27)

Mimic: Students as Producers

238

(5)

Juxtaworlds

240

(1)

Madison Avenue

240

(1)

Rock Review

240

(1)

Piggyback Pop

241

(1)

Jacketeering

241

(1)

Rock Market

241

(1)

Anchor People

241

(1)

Crisis Interview

241

(1)

Pilot Making

242

(1)

Class Magazine

242

(1)

Classy Comics

242

(1)

Bumper Stickers

243

(1)

Entertain: Students as Listeners and Viewers

243

(8)

Studying Literature: Film

245

(1)

Studying Literature: Music

246

(2)

Studying Literature: Paintings, Prints, and Photographs

248

(1)

Studying Literature: Comics

248

(1)

Developing Film Literacy

249

(2)

Locating Materials

251

(1)

Examine: Students as Anthropologists and Literary Critics

251

(8)

Examining the News

254

(1)

Examining Advertising

255

(2)

Scrubbing the Soaps

257

(1)

Examining Media as Artifact and Art: Magazine Analysis

258

(1)

Examining Media as Artifact and Art: Student Public Service Announcements

258

(1)

Examining Media as Artifact and Art: Viewing Styles

258

(1)

Expose: Students as Social Critics

259

(3)

Corrupts Cultural Morality

260

(1)

Falsifies Expectations of Life

260

(1)

Reinforces Passivity

260

(1)

Undermines Critical Reasoning Capacity

261

(1)

Promotes Consumerism

261

(1)

Conclusion

262

(1)

9 COMPELLING WRITING

263

(32)

Developmental Tasks

265

(7)

How Language Functions: Purpose and Audience

265

(1)

Writing Stages

266

(1)

Developmental Sequence

267

(5)

Process Model

272

(6)

Basic Assumptions

272

(2)

Further Definition

274

(1)

The Teacher's Role

275

(3)

Writing Workshops

278

(4)

Antecedents

278

(1)

Writing Workshop Principles

278

(1)

Four Components

279

(2)

Physical Arrangement and Workshop Procedures

281

(1)

Portfolio Work

282

(5)

Variety of Contents

283

(1)

Works in Progress

284

(1)

Student Responsibility

285

(1)

Accomplishments

286

(1)

Authentic Assessment

287

(7)

State-initiated Performance-based Assessment

288

(3)

Tied to Daily Instruction

291

(1)

Constructing Rubrics

291

(1)

NAEP Framework

292

(2)

Conclusion

294

(1)

10 ENABLING WRITING

295

(48)

Four Basic Needs

295

(2)

Substance

295

(1)

Skills

295

(1)

Structure

296

(1)

Style

296

(1)

Collaborative Writing

297

(2)

Cognitive Conflict

298

(1)

Verbalization

298

(1)

Benefits of Collaboration

298

(1)

Experimental Journalism

299

(3)

Foxfire's Lessons

299

(1)

Interviewing

300

(2)

Right Writing

302

(3)

Rico Clusters

302

(1)

Other Paths

302

(2)

Left-Right Continuum

304

(1)

Journal Writing

305

(2)

Freedom

306

(1)

Confidentiality

306

(1)

Respect

306

(1)

Writing to Learn

307

(3)

Math and Science

307

(3)

Difficult Problems

310

(1)

Code Switching

310

(3)

Program Requirements

311

(1)

Switching Principles

312

(1)

Program Outline

312

(1)

Pedagogical Grammar

313

(4)

Contextualized Grammar

313

(1)

Comprehensive Grammar

314

(3)

Vocabuspell

317

(4)

Vocabulary Growth

317

(2)

Spelling Power

319

(2)

Mediated Instruction

321

(2)

Middle Ground

321

(1)

Hillocks' Lesson

322

(1)

Another Rigorous Way

323

(1)

New Research

323

(2)

Controlled Sources Research

323

(1)

Contextual Analysis

324

(1)

Historical Synthesis

324

(1)

Contemporary Issues Research

324

(1)

Scholarly Research

324

(1)

Fabulous Analysis

324

(1)

Elemental Variation

325

(3)

Topology Procedures

326

(1)

Evaluation

326

(2)

Lit. Write

328

(2)

Opening a Text

328

(2)

Sentence Combining

330

(3)

Strong Kernels

331

(1)

Other Sources

332

(1)

Dependent Authors

333

(2)

Roles Around

333

(1)

Other Dependencies

333

(2)

Apprentice Writing

335

(4)

Copying (Duplicating Exact Texts)

335

(1)

Paraphrasing (Translating Passages)

336

(1)

Molding (Employing a Template)

337

(1)

Imitating (Mimicking the Masters)

338

(1)

Practical Stylist

339

(1)

Three Style Books

339

(1)

Others

340

(1)

Conclusion

340

(3)

11 ORGANIZING INSTRUCTION

343

(45)

Four Approaches to Instruction

343

(3)

Lecture

346

(4)

Four Types of Lecture

346

(1)

Four Rhetorical Styles

347

(1)

Lecture's Critics

348

(1)

Lecture's Best Exemplars

348

(2)

Whole-class Discussion

350

(7)

Classroom Discussion Defined

350

(1)

Whole-class Discussion Practiced

351

(2)

Alternatives Attempted

352

(2)

Questions Raised

354

(2)

Midrash

356

(1)

Group Work

357

(6)

Collaborative Learning

357

(1)

A Teacher Adopts Collaborative Learning

357

(1)

Practical Steps Toward Collaborative Learning

358

(1)

Common Groups Designs

359

(1)

Five Group Features

360

(1)

Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing

361

(2)

Individual Work

363

(2)

Independent Study

364

(1)

Workshop/Conference

364

(1)

Individualized Instruction

364

(1)

Layering the Four Approaches

365

(1)

Inquiry Learning and Learning Centers

366

(4)

Inquiry Learning

366

(3)

Learning Centers or Stations

369

(1)

Computers and English

370

(8)

Cutting Edge

371

(1)

Computers as Tutors: Computer-assisted Instruction

371

(2)

Computers as Tools: Computer-managed Instruction

373

(3)

Wise Applications

376

(1)

Seismic Qualms

376

(1)

Overriding Hopes

377

(1)

Guidelines for Good Use

377

(1)

Planning Instruction

378

(1)

Unit Planning

379

(6)

Focused or Integrated Units

379

(1)

Content-based Model

379

(2)

Objectives-based Model

381

(1)

Process-based Model

382

(1)

Conversation-based Model

383

(1)

Grounding Unit Planning in Students

384

(1)

Weekly Planning

385

(1)

Daily Planning

385

(1)

Curriculum Planning

386

(1)

Conclusion

387

(1)

12 PLANNING THE LESSON

388

(19)

Lesson Planning

388

(14)

Behavioral Goals and Objectives

389

(2)

Hierarchical Schemata

391

(1)

Creative-Process Design

391

(5)

Constant Classroom Structures and Concerns

396

(4)

Creative Planning with the Text

400

(2)

Unit Planning

402

(3)

Topic Selection and Quality Control

402

(1)

Steps of Unit Development

403

(2)

Conclusion

405

(2)

13 EVALUATING LEARNING

407

(49)

Grading and Evaluation

408

(6)

Definition of Terms

409

(1)

Purposes of Evaluation

410

(1)

Learning Possibilities to Be Measured

411

(3)

Alternative Methods of Evaluation

414

(8)

Self-evaluation

415

(2)

Portfolios

417

(3)

Contracts

420

(1)

Observation

420

(2)

Alternative Grading Choices

422

(5)

Polarities Within Evaluation

423

(4)

Evaluating Knowledge and Response to Literature

427

(12)

Selected-response (Objective)

429

(3)

Constructed-response (Subjective)

432

(7)

Evaluating Writing

439

(12)

Outside the Classroom

439

(1)

Inside the Classroom

439

(12)

Evaluating Oracy

451

(2)

Standardized Achievement Tests

452

(1)

Critique of Traditional Grading

453

(2)

Pedagogical Dangers

453

(1)

Psychometric Dangers

453

(1)

Personal Dangers

453

(2)

Cultural Dangers

455

Unique Difficulties for English Teachers

454

Conclusion

455

(1)

14 BECOMING A COMPLETE TEACHER

456

(20)

Defining Yourself as a Teacher

456

(4)

Apprasing Yourself

456

(4)

Defining Yourself in a Professional Context

460

(3)

School Critics

461

(1)

Defining Yourself for Schools

462

(1)

Building Public Trust

463

(3)

Include

463

(1)

Inform

463

(1)

Involve

464

(2)

Promoting Professional Growth

466

(7)

Goal Setting

466

(1)

Self-evaluation

467

(1)

Peer Review

468

(1)

External Assessment

469

(1)

General-knowledge Tests

470

(1)

Classroom Performance

470

(2)

Action Research

472

(1)

Guild Building

473

(1)

Association Linkage

473

(1)

Professional Leadership

473

(1)

Conclusion

474

(2)

APPENDIX A

476

(2)

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

476

(1)

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

477

(1)

Loevinger's Stages of Ego Development

477

(1)

APPENDIX B

478

(5)

Becky Brown's Favorite Poems for Student Responses

478

(2)

Brown's Poetry Response Assignment, 1991-1992

480

(1)

Brown's Explanation of Her Poetry Assignment's Evolution

481

(1)

Brown's Poetry Response Assignment, 1997-1998

481

(1)

Books on Poetry and Poetry Teaching

482

(1)

APPENDIX C

483

(15)

Works Listed on AP English Literature Exams: 1981-1997

483

(3)

Reader Response Resources

486

(1)

Fiction by Women

487

(1)

African American Writers

488

(2)

Native American Writers

490

(1)

Hispanic Writers

490

(1)

Asian American Writers

491

(1)

Benedict's Recommendations: Young Adult Fiction

491

(3)

Hipples's Recommendations: Young Adult Novels Worth Your Attention

494

(1)

Chester's Recommendations: Science Fiction

495

(1)

Benedict's Recommendations: Modern Interpretations and Retellings

496

(1)

Alexander's Recommendations: Journals, Articles, and Lists of Young Adult Fiction

496

(1)

Works on Censorship

497

(1)

APPENDIX D

498

(4)

Media Sources

498

(1)

Distributors of Videotapes, Films, and Recorded Books

498

(1)

Video Series

499

(1)

Teasley and Wilder's 100 Great Films for Adolescents: Annotated Filmography

499

(3)

APPENDIX E Recommended Writing Textbooks

502

(1)

APPENDIX F

503

(6)

Meiers' Independent Project for English: Collecting and Writing a Personal Anthology

503

(1)

Ten Textual Learning Stations: Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

504

(3)

Five Topical Learning Stations: Utopia

507

(1)

Davis' Learning Centers: Family

508

(1)

APPENDIX G Developing a Unit: William Shakespeare

509

(3)

APPENDIX H

512

(6)

SAT Essay Exam Assessment: Diederich Scale

512

(1)

Oral Communications Activities Log

513

(1)

Two Communication Inventories

514

(1)

Evaluation Form for Group Discussion

515

(1)

Explanation of Ratings Used for the Evaluation Form for Group Discussion

515

(2)

Teacher's Evaluation of Announcements

517

(1)

APPENDIX I

518

(3)

NCTE Organizations and Periodicals for the English Teacher

518

(1)

Educational Periodicals Recommended for English Teachers

519

(2)

REFERENCES

521

(18)

INDEX

539

Kids

Men

Women

For You

For Your Car

For Your Home

For Your Pet

For Your Tech

Artwork

Games

Gift Wraps

Holiday

Home Decor

Mascot

Office Decor

Outdoor/Recreation

Graduation Gear

Graduation Gifts

Art Supplies

For Your Office

For Your Tech

Office Supplies

School Supplies

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