CDMA Radio with Repeaters

by Shapira, Joseph; Miller, Shmuel Y.

ISBN13: 9780387263298

ISBN10: 0387263292

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2007-01-31

Publisher(s): Springer Verlag

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Summary

This book analyzes the interaction of the CDMA system within a mobile channel environment, emphasizing repeaters, diversities, and other performance-enhancing means. The authors provide a unique and clear description of repeater-embedded networks' planning, design, and optimization in different scenarios. Simple physically-based expressions are developed and supported by extensive field experience, and provide insight into the network dynamics. CDMA Radio with Repeaters is intended for wireless RF engineers and system architects, and for researchers working on advanced wireless networks, including MIMO systems. The material also provides insight for helping cellular managers and business assess costs and risks. This book is also suitable as a reference book for graduate courses. Book jacket.

Preface	p. xv
Abbreviations	p. xix
Introduction and Preview	p. 1
Evolution of Distributed Radio Access in the Cellular Communications	p. 1
The Cellular Communications Concept	p. 1
The Coverage Challenge	p. 3
The Cost of the Service	p. 4
The Evolution of Repeaters in the Cellular Service	p. 5
Classification of Repeaters	p. 6
Distributed Wireless Communications	p. 6
Repeaters in the Cellular Communications	p. 7
Repeaters in Multiple Access Systems	p. 9
Repeater Classification by their Backhaul Conduit	p. 11
Repeater Classification by Application	p. 14
Repeaters in the CDMA Cellular Network	p. 14
Repeater Interaction with the Network, and Tuning	p. 14
Impact of Repeaters on the CDMA Network	p. 15
Cost Considerations	p. 17
Theme of the Book	p. 18
The Complexity of the Multiple Access Mobile Communications Channel	p. 18
Propagation Modeling	p. 18
System Modeling	p. 20
Theme of the Book	p. 20
Organization of the Book	p. 20
CDMA Air Interface Overview	p. 23
Cellular Wireless Communications	p. 23
CDMA IS 95 Air Interface Overview	p. 25
System Concept	p. 25
Logical and Physical Channels	p. 28
Power Control	p. 30
Soft Handoff	p. 32
Third Generation - 3G	p. 34
The Motivation	p. 34
The Standardization	p. 34
The Features and Techniques	p. 35
CDMA2000	p. 36
Introduction	p. 36
Forward Link	p. 36
Reverse Link	p. 37
WCDMA UMTS	p. 38
CDMA Timeline	p. 38
Forward Link Time Multiplexing	p. 39
1xEV-DO	p. 40
1xEV-DV	p. 41
HSDPA	p. 42
The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel	p. 45
Overview of the Mobile Wireless Channel	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Channel Characteristics	p. 45
Path-Loss and Channel Fluctuations	p. 46
Path-Gain Physics	p. 47
The Transmission Equation	p. 47
Wave Reflection from a Perfectly Conducting Plane	p. 48
Reflection at the Interface between Dielectric Media	p. 50
The Two-Ray, Flat Earth Propagation Model	p. 53
Lateral Waves at the Interface - Forest Propagation	p. 55
Diffraction	p. 57
Path-Gain Prediction Models	p. 62
The Role of Measurement and of Modeling in Channel Characterization and Prediction	p. 62
Physically Based Prediction Models	p. 63
Building Penetration and Indoors Propagation	p. 65
Heuristic Models	p. 67
Multipath and Fading	p. 67
Impulse Response	p. 67
Coherent Time and Coherent Bandwidth	p. 69
Fading Statistics	p. 71
Polarization Effects	p. 73
Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves	p. 73
The Depolarization of Electromagnetic Waves	p. 74
Antennas and Coverage	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Antenna Parameters	p. 76
Gain of an Aperture Antenna and the Sidelobe "Skirt"	p. 78
Wave Field Regions	p. 79
Dipole Antenna	p. 80
Colinear Arrays	p. 80
Coverage Shaping	p. 81
Antenna Diversity	p. 86
Antenna Noise Temperature	p. 92
Coupling between On-Site Antennas	p. 94
Radio Access Related Performance of CDMA Cellular Networks	p. 101
CDMA Forward and Reverse Links	p. 101
Reverse Link Coverage-Capacity Assessment	p. 102
The Reverse Link Equation	p. 103
Capacity Limit and Noise Rise	p. 105
Impact of Tower-Top LNA (TTLNA) and of Diversity	p. 106
Cells with Different Size and Load	p. 106
Soft Handoff and the Definition of the Cell Boundary	p. 107
The Reverse Link Cell Boundary	p. 108
Cell Coverage and "Cell Breathing"	p. 108
Cell Jamming	p. 111
The Forward Link Cell Boundary	p. 113
Forward Link Assessment	p. 113
Derivation of the Forward Link Equation	p. 113
The Orthogonality Function	p. 115
Orthogonality and Diversity Gain	p. 117
Orthogonality and Forward Link Power Control	p. 120
Forward Link Capacity	p. 120
User Distribution	p. 123
Capacity Limit of the Forward Link	p. 124
Coverage and Capacity - Call Blocking and Dropped Calls	p. 124
Capacity Measurement	p. 125
Link Balancing	p. 125
Coverage Balance	p. 126
Capacity Balance	p. 126
Balancing the Links by Controlling the Pilot Power	p. 126
Link Balancing by Beam Control	p. 130
Load Balancing	p. 130
Soft Handoff Search Window	p. 131
Heterogeneous Cell Clustering	p. 131
Cell Shaping	p. 131
Microcells	p. 134
Omni Cells	p. 138
Network Optimization	p. 142
Objectives	p. 142
The Dimensions of Optimization	p. 142
Scope and Dynamics of Optimization	p. 144
Diversity in Transmission and Reception	p. 149
Overview of Diversity in Communications	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Diversity Dimensions	p. 153
Macro- and Micro-Diversity	p. 157
Diversity Combining	p. 158
Selection Diversity Processing	p. 159
Equal-Gain Combining Diversity Processing	p. 161
Maximal Ratio Combining Diversity Processing	p. 162
RF Diversity Methods in CDMA Cellular Systems	p. 166
Space Diversity	p. 166
Polarization Diversity	p. 167
Angle Diversity	p. 169
Transmit Diversity	p. 169
Time-Delay Transmit Diversity (TDTD)	p. 170
Phase-Sweep Transmit Diversity (PSTD)	p. 173
Relaying and Cascading Diversity in Remote RANs	p. 174
Direct Diversity Relaying	p. 174
Remote Transmit Diversity	p. 176
PseudoDiversity Combining (PDC) - Relaying RL Diversity	p. 177
Diversity Reception of Relayed Diversity Branches	p. 178
The Impact of Diversity on the CDMA Cellular Network	p. 178
Diversity in the Reverse Link	p. 179
Transmit Diversity in the Forward Link	p. 180
Time-Delay Transmit Diversity	p. 180
Phase-Sweeping Transmit Diversity (PSTD)	p. 185
Comparative Evaluation	p. 187
Impact of Diversity on Network Probes and Status Measurement	p. 187
Repeaters Embedded in the CDMA Radio Access Network	p. 193
Modeling of the Repeater in the CDMA Network	p. 193
Classification of Repeaters by their Interaction with the Donor Cell	p. 196
Embedded Repeaters	p. 196
Range Extension Repeaters	p. 196
Cell boundary Repeaters	p. 197
Remote Repeaters	p. 197
Interaction of the Repeater with the CDMA Network	p. 198
Repeater Modeling - Reverse Link	p. 198
Repeater Impact on Coverage and Capacity - Reverse Link	p. 200
Forward Link Analysis	p. 204
Repeater Links Balancing	p. 207
Optimization of the Reverse Link	p. 211
Derivation of the Optimization Equation	p. 211
User-Density-Limited Cells	p. 212
Capacity-Limited Cells	p. 215
Repeater Coverage Overlap with the Donor Cell	p. 217
Coverage Overlap Analysis	p. 217
Coverage Overlap Control	p. 218
Multiple Repeaters	p. 219
"Star" Architecture - Parallel Repeaters	p. 219
Multi-hop Repeater Architecture	p. 222
Comparison of Star and Cascade Repeater Linking	p. 229
RF Distribution Network and the Distributed Antenna	p. 231
Search Windows	p. 232
Repeaters Design and Tuning in CDMA Networks	p. 235
RF Repeaters	p. 235
The Role of RF Repeaters	p. 235
Network Diagram and Signal Flow	p. 235
Repeater Generic Diagram	p. 236
BTS Interface	p. 237
Critical Signal Paths and Parasitic Coupling	p. 239
Signal Distortions	p. 240
Repeater Architecture	p. 241
Governing Parameters and Design Principles	p. 241
Distributed and Unified Repeater Architectures	p. 249
Band-Filtered and Channel-Filtered Repeaters	p. 251
Signal and Interference Budget	p. 252
Gain and Filtering Chain	p. 254
Level and Gain Control	p. 257
Antennas in Repeater Systems	p. 260
Repeater Design	p. 261
Basic Design Rules	p. 261
RF F1/F1 Repeater	p. 274
Optical Fiber Repeater	p. 278
Free-Space Optic Repeater	p. 283
In-Band F1/F2 Repeater	p. 285
Out-of-Band F1/F2 Repeater	p. 291
MW F1/F2 Repeater	p. 292
Repeater Tuning	p. 294
Regulation and Type Approval	p. 296
Regulatory Constraints	p. 296
Type Approval	p. 297
Type Classification	p. 297
Test Parameters	p. 297
Test Subtleties	p. 298
Emission Requirements	p. 299
Backhaul for RF Distributed Radio Access Nodes	p. 303
Analog and Digital Backhauls	p. 303
Analog Backhaul	p. 303
Digital Backhaul	p. 304
Classification of Backhauls	p. 304
Coax	p. 304
Optical Fiber (OF)	p. 304
Free-Space Optics (FSO)	p. 305
In-Band FSR	p. 305
Out-of-Band FSR	p. 305
MW FSR	p. 305
Repeater Backhaul Parameters	p. 306
Introduction	p. 306
Repeater Backhaul Engineering	p. 308
Design Rules	p. 308
Coax Backhaul	p. 310
Optical Fiber Backhaul	p. 311
Free-Space Optic Backhaul (FSO)	p. 316
Radio Point-to-Point Backhauls	p. 319
Backhaul Enhancement by Diversity	p. 321
Backhaul Cost Considerations	p. 322
Cost Contributors	p. 322
Cost	p. 323
Repeater Economics	p. 325
Baseline Networks	p. 325
Network Distribution in Typical Markets	p. 326
Coverage - Capacity Model	p. 327
Repeater Embedded Networks	p. 329
Constituting Relations	p. 329
Relevant Scenarios	p. 330
Cost Constituents	p. 330
Tower Cost	p. 331
Tx Power Cost	p. 332
Backhaul Cost	p. 332
BTS and Repeater Cost	p. 333
Cost Model for Area Coverage	p. 333
Optimal Coverage of a Flat Area	p. 333
Optimal Coverage of a Length of Road	p. 336
Cost Model for Area Coverage by a Cluster of BTSs and Satellite Repeaters	p. 337
Large Area Coverage	p. 337
Supplementary Coverage	p. 338
Summary	p. 338
Advances in CDMA Repeaters	p. 341
Introduction	p. 341
Performance Monitoring and Control	p. 342
Application of a CDMA Modem in the Repeater	p. 342
Stabilization by Gain Control	p. 344
Interference Suppression	p. 345
Digital Repeaters	p. 345
Enhancing Isolation between the Backhaul and Service Antennas by Adaptive Interference Cancellation	p. 346
Adaptive Interference Cancellation	p. 347
Adaptive Cancellation of Radiated Interference	p. 348
Receive Diversity in Repeaters	p. 349
Transmit Diversity in Repeaters	p. 350
Network Parameters Readout from the Wireless Modem	p. 350
Antenna Control	p. 351
Tagging of Repeater-Served STs	p. 351
Location	p. 351
Measurement of Traffic Load through the Repeater	p. 352
Load Balancing between Cells and Sectors	p. 352
High Data Rate Systems	p. 353
Epilog	p. 357

Reverse Link Interference in Heterogeneous Cell Clusters	p. 359
The Ring Model for Other Cells' Interference	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
The Ring Model	p. 360
The Embedded Microcell Model	p. 363

Evaluation of the Power Rise Equation	p. 369

Orthogonality Factor Through the Cell	p. 373
Scattering and Reflections	p. 373
The Reflection Coefficient F	p. 374
The Population of Contributing Reflectors	p. 376
The Reflection Contributions	p. 377
Orthogonality Factor	p. 379
Unified Factor - Transitions	p. 381
Transition Near-Intermediate Zones	p. 381
Transition Intermediate-Far Zones	p. 382

System Noise and Dynamic Range	p. 383
Noise Figure	p. 383
Definitions	p. 383
System Noise	p. 386
System Sensitivity	p. 388
Dynamic Range	p. 389
Basic NonLinear Model	p. 389
Intermodulation Products	p. 390
System Intercept Point	p. 396
Dynamic Range	p. 399
Beamforming and Combiners	p. 401

Envelope Correlation and Power Correlation in Fading Channels	p. 405

Eigenvalue Analysis of MRC	p. 407

Optimal Sector Beamwidth	p. 409
Model	p. 409
Choice of Antenna Gain Function	p. 410
Total Sector Traffic Power	p. 411
Softer Handoff Boundary	p. 411
Discussion	p. 413
Limits on the Analysis	p. 413
Optimal Beamwidth	p. 413
Effect of the SrHO	p. 413

Cellular Bands and Frequency Allocations	p. 415
About the Authors	p. 417
Index	p. 419
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CDMA Radio with Repeaters

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