Control Systems Technology

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2019-12-05
Publisher(s): Pearson
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Summary

This book presents All of the major topics in modern analog and digital control systems, along with the practical, applications oriented knowledge and skills needed by technicians. It contains user-friendly conceptual explanations and clearly written mathematical developments. Examples of both Mathcad and MATLAB illustrate computer problem solvingbut this book emphasizes the ability to useanysuitable software to achieve successful results in solving problems and performing design.Chapter topics include Measurement; Laplace Transforms; Control System Models; Static and Dynamic Response; Stability; Frequency Response Analysis; Root Locus; State Variable Analysis; Introduction to Discrete Control Systems; Z-Transforms and Discrete State-Space Analysis; Digital Signal Representations; Discrete Time Control Systems; Stability of Discrete Control Systems; and Advanced Topics in Control Systems.For engineers and technicians working for companies that integrate control systems with the use of programmable logic controllers.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Control Systems
1(22)
Purpose
2(1)
Introduction
2(5)
Control System Strategy
3(1)
Examples of Control Systems
4(3)
Analytical Issues
7(1)
Analytical Descriptions
7(7)
Block Diagram
8(2)
Transfer Functions
10(3)
Computer Applications Software
13(1)
Analog and Digital Control
14(3)
System Design Objectives
17(6)
Dynamic Response
17(1)
Instability
17(2)
Summary
19(1)
Problems
20(3)
Measurement
23(28)
Purpose
24(1)
Measurement Principles
24(14)
Sensor
25(6)
Signal Conditioning
31(7)
Sensors
38(13)
Temperature
38(3)
Displacement
41(4)
Motion
45(2)
Summary
47(1)
Problems
47(4)
Laplace Transforms
51(42)
Purpose
52(1)
Introduction
52(2)
Definition of the Laplace Transform
54(5)
Computer Applications
58(1)
Properties of Laplace Transforms
59(6)
Inverse Laplace Transform
65(12)
Partial-fraction Expansion
66(9)
Convolution
75(2)
Analog Simulation
77(16)
The Operational Amplifier
77(3)
Simulation of Physical Systems
80(5)
Simulation of Control Systems
85(2)
Summary
87(2)
Problems
89(4)
Control System Models
93(46)
Purpose
94(1)
Transfer Functions
94(19)
Block Transfer Functions
95(5)
Transfer Function Properties
100(6)
Graphing
106(7)
Block Diagrams
113(13)
Canonical Form
114(1)
Block Diagram Reduction
115(8)
Multiple Inputs
123(3)
Mason's Gain Formula
126(2)
Controller/Compensator Transfer Functions
128(11)
Proportional, Integral, and Derivative Controllers
129(2)
Lead and Lag Compensation
131(1)
Summary
132(1)
Problems
133(6)
Static and Dynamic Response
139(34)
Purpose
140(1)
Static Response
141(9)
Steady-State Error
141(7)
Disturbance Error
148(2)
Dynamic Response of First-and Second-Order Plants
150(8)
First-Order Plant
150(3)
Second-Order Plant
153(5)
Characteristics of Dynamic Response
158(7)
Steady-State Error Versus Stability
165(8)
Summary
167(1)
Problems
168(5)
Stability
173(14)
Purpose
174(1)
Definitions of Stability
174(4)
Formal Definition of Stability
177(1)
Routh-Hurwitz Stability Criterion
178(9)
Special Cases
182(2)
Summary
184(1)
Problems
185(2)
Frequency Response Analysis
187(34)
Purpose
188(1)
Basic Principles
188(5)
Frequency Response Analysis
189(1)
Exact Analysis
190(1)
Bode Plot
191(2)
Control System Bode Plots
193(17)
Manual Construction
194(13)
Computer Construction
207(3)
Bode Plot Applications
210(11)
Gain and Phase Margins
212(2)
Transportation Delay
214(2)
Summary
216(1)
Problems
217(4)
Root Locus
221(32)
Purpose
222(1)
Introduction to Root Locus
222(6)
Closed-Loop Poles
222(2)
Root Locus Graph
224(4)
Root Locus Construction
228(12)
Manual Construction
229(11)
Computer Construction
240(1)
Root Locus Applications
240(13)
Gain and Phase Margin
240(2)
Transient Response
242(7)
Summary
249(1)
Problems
249(4)
State-Space Analysis
253(32)
Purpose
254(1)
State-Space Definition
255(4)
Solving State-Space Equations
259(10)
Laplace Transform Solutions
259(5)
Series Expansion Solution
264(2)
Computer Simulation Solution
266(3)
Simulation Diagrams and State-Space Equations
269(6)
Simulation Diagram Definition
270(2)
Generalized Rules of Simulation Diagram Construction
272(3)
Transfer Function in State Space
275(2)
Controllability and Observability
277(8)
Controllability
277(2)
Observability
279(2)
Summary
281(1)
Problems
282(3)
Introduction to Digital Control Systems
285(22)
Purpose
286(1)
Definition of a Digital Control System
286(8)
Digital Control System Hardware
287(4)
Digital Control System Software
291(3)
Simulations Using Computers
294(1)
The Difference Equation
294(13)
Finding the Difference Equation
295(3)
Solution of the Difference Equation
298(4)
Summary
302(1)
Problems
303(4)
z-Transform and the Difference Equation
307(30)
Purpose
308(1)
Definition of the z-Transform
308(8)
Properties of z-Transforms
316(5)
Linearity
316(1)
Advance Theorem (Shift Left)
316(1)
Delay Theorem (Shift Right)
317(1)
Final Value Theorem
318(1)
Initial Value Theorem
319(2)
Inverse z-Transform
321(9)
Partial-Fraction Expansion for Real Poles
321(4)
Partial-Fraction Expansion for Complex Poles
325(2)
Partial-Fraction Expansion for Repeated Poles
327(2)
Direct Method: Long Division
329(1)
Inverse z-Transforms by Software
330(1)
Difference Equation Solution
330(7)
Summary
334(1)
Problems
335(2)
Discrete Control Systems
337(34)
Purpose
338(1)
Discrete Transfer Function
338(9)
Open-Loop Transfer Functions
347(2)
Closed-Loop Transfer Functions
349(6)
Static and Dynamic Response
355(16)
Static Response
355(4)
Dynamic Response
359(6)
Summary
365(1)
Problems
366(5)
Stability of Discrete Control Systems
371(20)
Purpose
372(1)
Conditions for Stability
372(2)
Stability Tests
374(7)
Routh-Hurwitz Test with the Bilinear Transformation
374(2)
Jury's Stability Test
376(5)
Discrete System Root Locus
381(10)
Root Locus Construction Rules
381(6)
Summary
387(1)
Problems
388(3)
Discrete State Space
391(22)
Purpose
392(1)
State-Space Equations in the Discrete Domain
392(8)
Discrete State Equations
392(4)
Solution by Recursion
396(2)
Solution by z-Transforms
398(2)
Discrete State-Space Transfer Function
400(3)
Generation of State-Vector Equations
401(2)
Observability and Controllability
403(3)
Discrete Simulation Diagrams
406(7)
Summary
410(1)
Problems
410(3)
Appendix A: Complex Numbers 413(4)
Appendix B: Matrices 417(6)
Glossary 423(4)
Solutions to Selected Odd Problems 427(32)
Index 459

Excerpts

This text was written to fill a very important educational niche in the broad spectrum of control systems knowledge. That niche lies between the hands-on electromechanical knowledge and skills needed by technicians and the highly abstract and theoretical knowledge required by scholars who research and develop new control strategies. This book focuses on the knowledge required by control systems practitioners to enable them to both understand and evaluate an existing control system and devise and design new control system applications.The text presents classical and digital control systems with an emphasis on careful explanations of the concepts. Many examples illustrate key topics and the operations required to solve problems.The text is an outgrowth of many years of teaching control systems to students in an engineering technology program. It is written for a two-semester course, nominally separated into analog and digital control. The difficulty with this approach is that much of digital control is a spinoff of analog concepts. Therefore, the analog material by itself is more extensive than the digital. In practice, we have found that some of the material on analog control must be delayed to the second course.Although patterned after the course sequence expected for a particular educational program, this text can be adapted to other approaches. For example, Chapter 2 (Measurement) can be omitted by those who prefer to cover sensors and measurement in other courses. Likewise, if Laplace transforms are covered in an independent course, that section in Chapter 3 can be omitted or assigned as review. It would be important to include, however, the last section of Chapter 3,Analog Simulation.The text emphasizes anunderstandingof control system concepts, but also requires the use of computers to implement practical solutions to problems. There are a number of control and mathematical software packages which are of great value in the study of control systems. Throughout the text; the use of these packages to facilitate solving problems is emphasized, and Mathcad or MATLAB is used to illustrate computer-based mathematical procedures. An attempt has been made to emphasize the use of computers as a tool to implement the mathematical and graphical operations required to solve a problem.A Web page ( www.uh.edu/~techl3v/ContSysTech ) will be set up for this text as a means for communication between users and authors, and also for sharing ideas and techniques related to teaching control systems. A solutions manual (ISBN: 0-13-090661-1) is available. It contains examples of physical and simulation experiments that can be conducted to enhance learning.Dr. Malki would like to thank his parents, his wife Layla, and his son Armeen for their support and patience during the long task of writing this book. Dr. Johnson would like to thank his wife Helene and his mother-in-law Lois for their continuing kindness while he undertook this task.

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