Preface |
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xi | |
I RESEARCH, RESEARCHERS, AND READERS |
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1 | (34) |
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Prologue: Starting a Research Project |
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3 | (6) |
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Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private |
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9 | (8) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (2) |
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Connecting with Your Reader: (Re)Creating Your Self and Your Audience |
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17 | (18) |
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Creating Roles for Writers and Readers |
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17 | (2) |
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Creating a Relationship with Your Reader: Your Role |
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19 | (3) |
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Creating the Other Half of the Relationship: The Reader's Role |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (4) |
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Managing the Unavoidable Problem of Inexperience |
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30 | (5) |
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A Checklist for Understanding Your Readers |
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32 | (3) |
II ASKING QUESTIONS, FINDING ANSWERS |
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35 | (74) |
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Prologue: Planning Your Project |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (16) |
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From an Interest to a Topic |
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41 | (2) |
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From a Broad Topic to a Focused One |
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43 | (2) |
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From a Focused Topic to Questions |
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45 | (4) |
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From a Merely Interesting Question to Its Wider Significance |
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49 | (7) |
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53 | (3) |
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From Questions to Problems |
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56 | (19) |
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Problems, Problems, Problems |
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57 | (3) |
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The Common Structure of Problems |
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60 | (8) |
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Finding a Good Research Problem |
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68 | (2) |
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Summary: The Problem of the Problem |
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70 | (5) |
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Disagreeing with Your Sources |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (15) |
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Screening Sources for Reliability |
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76 | (3) |
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Locating Printed and Recorded Sources |
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79 | (4) |
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Finding Sources on the Internet |
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83 | (2) |
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Gathering Data Directly from People |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (19) |
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91 | (4) |
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Reading Generously but Critically |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (8) |
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104 | (5) |
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106 | (3) |
III MAKING A CLAIM AND SUPPORTING IT |
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109 | (74) |
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Prologue: Pulling Together Your Argument |
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111 | (3) |
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Making Good Arguments: An Overview |
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114 | (13) |
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Argument and Conversation |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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Basing Reasons on Evidence |
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117 | (1) |
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Acknowledging and Responding to Alternatives |
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118 | (1) |
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Warranting the Relevance of Reasons |
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119 | (2) |
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Building Complex Arguments Out of Simple Ones |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (5) |
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Designing Arguments Not for Yourself but for Your Readers: Two Common Pitfalls |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (11) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (9) |
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Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (13) |
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Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument |
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138 | (2) |
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The Slippery Distinction between Reasons and Evidence |
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140 | (2) |
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Evidence vs. Reports of Evidence |
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142 | (2) |
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Selecting the Right Form for Reporting Evidence |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (6) |
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Showing the Relevance of Evidence |
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149 | (2) |
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Acknowledgments and Responses |
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151 | (14) |
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Questioning Your Argument |
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152 | (2) |
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Finding Alternatives to Your Argument |
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154 | (3) |
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Deciding What to Acknowledge |
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157 | (2) |
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Responses as Subordinate Arguments |
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159 | (6) |
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The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response |
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161 | (4) |
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165 | (18) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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Knowing When to State a Warrant |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (7) |
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Challenging the Warrants of Others |
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177 | (6) |
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Some Strategies for Challenging Warrants |
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179 | (4) |
IV PREPARING TO DRAFT, DRAFTING, AND REVISING |
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183 | (100) |
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185 | (4) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (19) |
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Preliminaries to Drafting |
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189 | (2) |
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Planning: Four Traps to Avoid |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (8) |
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The Pitfall to Avoid at All Costs: Plagiarism |
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201 | (3) |
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204 | (4) |
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Using Quotation and Paraphrase |
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205 | (3) |
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Revising Your Organization and Argument |
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208 | (14) |
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209 | (1) |
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Analyzing and Revising Your Overall Organization |
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209 | (7) |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (4) |
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219 | (3) |
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Introductions and Conclusions |
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222 | (19) |
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The Three Elements of an Introduction |
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222 | (3) |
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Establishing Common Ground |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (4) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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Organizing the Whole Introduction |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (5) |
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Opening and Closing Words |
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238 | (3) |
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Communicating Evidence Visually |
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241 | (22) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (12) |
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Visual Communication and Ethics |
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260 | (1) |
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Using Graphics as an Aid to Thinking |
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261 | (2) |
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Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly |
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263 | (20) |
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263 | (2) |
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A First Principle: Stories and Grammar |
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265 | (9) |
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A Second Principle: Old Before New |
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274 | (1) |
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Choosing between Active and Passive |
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275 | (2) |
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A Final Principle: Complexity Last |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (3) |
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281 | (2) |
V SOME LAST CONSIDERATIONS |
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283 | (42) |
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285 | (4) |
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A Postscript for Teachers |
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289 | (8) |
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An Appendix on Finding Sources |
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297 | (20) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (18) |
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A Note on Some of Our Sources |
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317 | (8) |
Index |
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325 | |