The Elements of Physics,9780198518785

The Elements of Physics

by ;
ISBN13: 9780198518785
ISBN10: 0198518781
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2001-09-06
Publisher(s): Oxford University Press
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Summary

An introduction to physics for first-year physics students, designed to deliver information clearly and concisely.The authors guide the student through the foundations of university physics in this authoritative introduction. the two-colour text design and over 500 diagrams bring out the key points, and the text makes full advantage of features such as worked examples, graded problems, and an appendix onnecessary mathematics in order to better explain the subject and meet the needs of the modern student.TEACHING AIDSOn-line solutions for students written by the authors

Table of Contents

Introduction
1(12)
Physics and the scientific method
2(1)
Physics and technology
3(1)
Physics and its branches
4(1)
Units and dimensions
5(4)
The standard units
5(2)
Dimensional analysis
7(2)
Measurement errors
9(4)
Part 1 Dynamics
Newton's laws of motion
13(38)
Forces and Newton's first law
14(5)
Equilibrium
14(3)
Velocity
17(2)
Momentum and Newton's second law
19(14)
Gravitational and electrical forces
23(2)
Free fall
25(3)
Up and down motion
28(3)
The effect of air resistance
31(2)
Balancing forces: Newton's third law
33(6)
Interplanetary vehicles
35(1)
The rocket equation
36(3)
Motion in three dimensions
39(5)
Deflection of an electron in an electric field
40(2)
Three-dimensional motion including gravity
42(2)
Friction
44(7)
Problems
46(3)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 2 problems
49(2)
Momentum and energy
51(37)
Conservation of momentum
52(3)
Transformations between frames of reference
55(5)
The Galilean transformation
55(1)
Transformation of velocity and momentum
56(2)
The centre of mass frame
58(2)
Conservation of energy
60(2)
Work
61(1)
Kinetic energy
62(6)
Kinetic energy in the centre of mass frame of reference
65(2)
Collisions
67(1)
Elastic and inelastic collisions
68(5)
Two-dimensional collisions
70(1)
Collisions in the centre of mass frame
71(1)
Potential energy
72(1)
Conservative and non-conservative forces
73(9)
Potential energy in a spring
75(2)
The advantages of using conservation laws
77(1)
Power
78(4)
Problems
82(6)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 3 problems
85(3)
Rotation
88(43)
Rotational energy
89(3)
Angular speed
89(2)
Rotational energy and moment of inertia
91(1)
The moment of inertia of a rigid body
92(9)
Calculation of the moment of inertia
93(2)
Cylindrical polar coordinates and cylindrical symmetry
95(3)
The theorem of parallel axes
98(2)
The theorem of perpendicular axes
100(1)
The equation of motion for rotations
101(10)
Angular velocity
101(1)
Angular acceleration and deceleration
102(2)
Angular momentum
104(2)
Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis
106(1)
Angular momentum in non-circular motion
107(2)
The total angular momentum of a system of particles
109(2)
Centrifugal and centripetal forces
111(2)
Conservation of angular momentum
113(2)
Combined translational and rotational motion
115(5)
Forces and torques acting together
116(2)
Conservation of both translational and angular momentum
118(2)
Tops and gyroscopes
120(11)
Problems
124(4)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 4 problems
128(3)
Gravity and orbital motion
131(42)
Gravitational forces
132(6)
Forces acting at a distance
132(2)
Newton's law of gravity
134(2)
Measurement of G
136(1)
Gravitational potential energy
137(1)
Circular orbits
138(7)
Radius, period, and energy in circular orbits
139(4)
Reduced mass
143(2)
Kepler's laws and planetary orbits
145(9)
Properties of the ellipse
147(2)
Angular momentum and acceleration in elliptical orbits
149(4)
Launching satellites
153(1)
Comets and space probes
154(19)
Open orbits
156(1)
Deflection in open orbits
157(2)
Planetary visits
159(1)
Problems
160(2)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 5 problems
162(3)
Summary of Part 1: Dynamics
165(8)
Part 2 Vibrations and waves
Oscillations
173(41)
Simple harmonic motion
175(4)
Energy in simple harmonic motion
177(2)
Damped simple harmonic motion
179(5)
Weak damping
180(1)
Strong damping
181(2)
Critical damping
183(1)
Forced oscillations
184(4)
Resonance
187(1)
Power absorption
188(4)
The Q factor
189(2)
Gravitational waves
191(1)
Superposition
192(3)
Beats
194(1)
Fourier series
195(6)
Even and odd functions
198(3)
Normal modes
201(13)
Mode frequencies
203(4)
Problems
207(3)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 6 problems
210(4)
Waves
214(30)
Waves on taut strings
216(5)
The wave equation
217(2)
Simple solution
219(2)
Wave velocity
221(2)
Wave velocity, frequency, and wavelength
222(1)
Energy in the wave
223(2)
Speed of energy flow
224(1)
Superposition
225(2)
Dispersion
227(2)
Dispersion relations
228(1)
Group velocity
229(3)
Calculation of group velocity
231(1)
Standing waves
232(4)
Nodes and antinodes
233(1)
String instruments
234(2)
Attenuation of waves
236(8)
Problems
239(3)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 7 problems
242(2)
Wave phenomena
244(55)
Sound waves
246(3)
Sound waves in a metal rod
246(3)
Sound waves in air
249(1)
Electromagnetic waves
249(4)
Plane waves
252(1)
Refraction
253(3)
Plane waves at boundaries
254(2)
Reflection
256(6)
Waves on strings
257(2)
Energy flows
259(1)
Reflection of light
260(2)
Doppler effects
262(4)
Moving source
263(2)
Moving observer
265(1)
Diffraction
266(6)
Plane wave at a slit
267(4)
Limit to angular resolution
271(1)
Interference
272(9)
The two-slit pattern
272(4)
Nonzero slit width
276(1)
Diffraction gratings
277(3)
Interference with thin films
280(1)
Wave focusing and ray optics
281(18)
Single surface
282(1)
Thin lens
283(3)
Mirrors
286(1)
Problems
287(3)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 8 problems
290(2)
Summary of Part 2: Vibrations and waves
292(7)
Part 3 Quantum physics
The foundations of quantum physics
299(36)
The constituents of matter
300(4)
The structure of atoms
301(2)
The structure of nuclei
303(1)
Radioactivity
304(8)
Radioactive decay
306(5)
Decay chains
311(1)
Photons
312(8)
The photoelectric effect
313(2)
The energy of a photon
315(2)
The momentum of a photon and Compton scattering
317(3)
Wave-particle duality for photons
320(2)
Wave-particle duality for all particles
322(6)
The Wavelength of matter waves
323(1)
Applications of the wave properties of electrons
324(2)
Neutron diffraction
326(2)
The uncertainty principle
328(7)
Problems
331(2)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 9 problems
333(2)
The Schrodinger equation
335(32)
The wave function for a freely moving particle
337(2)
The dispersion relation
338(1)
Interpretation of the wave function
339(2)
Normalization
341(1)
The Schrodinger equation
342(5)
Motion in a time-independent potential
343(2)
Stationary states
345(2)
Particles in one-dimensional potentials
347(8)
Tunnelling
348(3)
Electrons between fixed points
351(3)
Energies and wave functions
354(1)
Quantum numbers
354(1)
The quantum harmonic oscillator
355(6)
Energies and wave functions
358(3)
The correspondence principle
361(6)
Problems
363(2)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 10 problems
365(2)
The microscopic world of quantum mechanics
367(46)
The hydrogen atom
368(8)
Atomic spectra
369(1)
The Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom
370(1)
Spherically symmetric states of hydrogen
371(5)
Quantum numbers
376(2)
Wave functions that depend on angle
377(1)
Angular momentum
378(6)
Degeneracy
381(1)
Transitions between states with different quantum numbers
382(1)
Intrinsic spin
383(1)
Many-electron atoms
384(7)
The Pauli exclusion principle
386(2)
Chemical bonds
388(3)
The periodic table
391(1)
Molecules
391(5)
Vibrations and rotations
393(3)
Nuclei
396(17)
The nuclear potential
397(2)
Nuclear shells
399(2)
Subnuclear particles
401(1)
Problems
402(3)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 11 problems
405(2)
Summary of Part 3: Quantum physics
407(6)
Part 4 Properties of matter
Thermal physics
413(45)
Solids, liquids, and gases
416(5)
Vapour pressure
417(1)
Evaporation
418(2)
Melting
420(1)
Thermal equilibrium and temperature
421(6)
The ideal gas equation and Boltzmann's constant
422(3)
The ideal gas scale of temperature
425(2)
Heat, energy, work, and the first law of thermodynamics
427(4)
Specific heat
429(2)
The expansion of ideal gases
431(4)
Isothermal expansion
432(1)
Adiabatic expansion
432(3)
Heat, energy, work, and the second law of thermodynamics
435(2)
The Carnot cycle
436(1)
Refrigeration
437(1)
The Boltzmann factor
437(6)
The distribution of speeds of gas molecules
439(2)
The equivalence of the ideal gas and absolute temperature scales
441(2)
Equipartition of energy
443(3)
Degrees of freedom
445(1)
Thermal physics and discrete energies
446(12)
Specific heats of real gases
446(4)
Black-body radiation
450(2)
Problems
452(4)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 12 problems
456(2)
Gases and liquids
458(38)
Phase diagrams
460(2)
Isotherms
461(1)
Real gases
462(7)
The van der Waals equation
463(2)
The van der Waals parameters
465(1)
Specific heats
466(3)
Viscosity
469(11)
Mean free path
474(2)
Viscosity of gases
476(3)
Gases at low pressures
479(1)
Diffusion
480(3)
The diffusion equation
481(2)
Heat conduction
483(3)
Relation between transport coefficients
485(1)
Surface properties
486(10)
Problems
490(3)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 13 problems
493(3)
Solids
496(45)
The microscopic structure of solids
497(4)
Crystal structure
497(1)
X-ray diffraction
498(3)
Crystalline solids
501(6)
Ionic and covalent crystals
502(3)
Metals
505(1)
Ceramics
506(1)
Non-crystalline solids
507(3)
Glasses
507(1)
Polymers
508(2)
Composite materials
510(1)
Mechanical properties of solids
510(10)
Elasticity
510(1)
Stress and strain
511(1)
Young's modulus and the shear modulus
511(3)
Poisson's ratio and the bulk modulus
514(4)
The inelastic behaviour of solids
518(2)
Thermal and electrical properties of solids
520(21)
Specific heat
520(3)
Thermal expansion
523(1)
Thermal conductivity
523(3)
Electrical conductivity
526(2)
Problems
528(3)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 14 problems
531(3)
Summary of Part 4: Properties of matter
534(7)
Part 5 Electricity and magnetism
Electrostatics
541(44)
Forces between charged particles
543(3)
Positive and negative charges
543(1)
Coulomb's law
543(3)
The electric field
546(5)
Addition of electric forces
547(1)
Definition of the electric field
548(2)
Lines of force
550(1)
Superposition of electrostatic fields
551(1)
Gauss's law
551(6)
Flux
552(1)
Surface integrals
553(4)
The electrostatic potential
557(7)
Work done by electric charges
557(2)
Equipotential surfaces
559(3)
The dipole potential and field
562(2)
Electric fields in matter
564(10)
Macroscopic electric fields
564(2)
Conductors in electric fields
566(2)
Insulators in electric fields
568(3)
Polar molecules
571(3)
Capacitors
574(11)
Relative permittivity
575(2)
Stored energy
577(1)
Energy density of the electric field
578(1)
Problems
578(3)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 15 problems
581(4)
Magnetism
585(45)
Steady currents
586(7)
Resistance
588(3)
Power
591(2)
Magnetic fields
593(7)
The force on a moving charge
593(3)
Magnetic field lines
596(1)
Ampere's law
597(1)
The magnetic dipole
598(2)
Fields from simple current distributions
600(8)
A straight line current
600(2)
The solenoid
602(2)
The Biot-Savart law
604(1)
A straight wire
605(1)
A current loop
606(2)
Forces on conductors
608(5)
Potential energy
610(1)
Magnetic flux
611(2)
Magnetization
613(17)
Magnetic materials
614(1)
The field H
615(2)
Electromagnets
617(2)
Hysteresis
619(3)
Permanent magnets
622(2)
Problems
624(3)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 16 problems
627(3)
Induced electric fields
630(30)
Moving conductors
631(5)
Electromotive force
632(1)
Complete circuits
633(1)
Homopolar generators
633(3)
Faraday's law
636(9)
Lenz's law
637(3)
Induction in free space
640(2)
Electric motors
642(1)
Magnetic levitation
643(2)
Inductance
645(6)
Self-inductance
645(1)
Mutual inductance
646(3)
Magnetic energy
649(2)
Electric generators
651(9)
Problems
654(3)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 17 problems
657(3)
Circuits
660(49)
Direct current circuits
662(6)
Equivalent circuits
662(1)
Networks and Kirchhoff's rules
663(3)
Impedance
666(1)
Series and parallel impedances
666(2)
Alternating currents
668(14)
Resistance, capacitance, and inductance in AC circuits
668(3)
Complex impedance
671(2)
Kirchhoff's rules for AC circuits
673(4)
Power in AC circuits
677(3)
Resonance
680(2)
Active circuits
682(27)
Circuits as input-output devices
683(1)
Digital circuits
684(2)
Gates
686(2)
Memory
688(2)
Operational amplifiers and feedback
690(2)
Problems
692(5)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 18 problems
697(4)
Summary of Part 5: Electricity and magnetism
701(8)
Part 6 Relativity
Relativity
709(34)
Introduction
710(5)
Time and mass at high speeds
710(1)
Galilean transformations
711(1)
Transformations at high relative speeds
712(1)
The axioms of special relativity
713(2)
The Lorentz transformation
715(3)
Kinematics
718(6)
Length contraction
718(1)
Time dilation
719(2)
Transformation of velocity
721(3)
Mechanics
724(8)
Mass and momentum
725(2)
Energy
727(1)
The relation between total energy, mass, and momentum
727(4)
Magnetic deflection
731(1)
Optics
732(11)
Aberration
732(3)
Doppler effects
735(2)
Problems
737(2)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 19 problems
739(2)
Summary of Part 6: Relativity
741(2)
Mathematical review
743(23)
Functions
744(2)
Scalars and vectors
746(3)
Components of vectors
747(1)
Addition of vectors
747(1)
Multiplication of vectors
748(1)
Differential calculus
749(3)
Simple differentials
750(2)
Integral calculus
752(2)
Simple integrals
753(1)
Trigonometric functions
754(1)
Trigonometric relations
754(1)
Differentials and integrals
755(1)
Complex numbers
755(2)
Exponential forms
756(1)
Series
757(2)
Exponential series
758(1)
Binomial expansion
758(1)
Taylor expansion
759(1)
Differential equations
759(7)
Problems
761(2)
Some solutions and answers to Chapter 20 problems
763(3)
Appendix A: Units 766(4)
Appendix B: Errors 770(8)
Appendix C: Physical constants and other physical quantities 778(3)
Acknowledgements 781(2)
Index 783

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