Monica McGoldrick, M.A., M.S.W, Ph.D. (h.c.), is the Director of the Multicultural Family Institute in Highland Park, NJ, and on Psychiatry Faculty of the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Her other books include: Ethnicity and Family Therapy, 3rd ed; Genograms: Assessment and Intervention, 3rd ed. Living Beyond Loss: 2nd ed; Revisioning Family Therapy: Race, Culture, and Gender in Clinical Practice, 2nd ed; and The Genogram Journey: Reconnecting with your Family- to be published by W. W. Norton in the Fall of 2010,whichtranslates her ideas about family relationships for a popular audience, using examples such as Beethoven, Groucho Marx, Sigmund Freud and the Kennedys.
She received her BA from Brown University, a Masters in Russian Studies from Yale University, and her M.S.W and an Honorary Doctorate from Smith College School for Social Work. Dr. McGoldrick is known internationally for her writings and teaching on topics including culture, class, gender, loss, family patterns (genograms), remarried families, and sibling relationships. Her clinical videotape demonstrating the use of the life cycle perspective with a multicultural remarried family dealing with issues of unresolved mourning has become one of the most widely respected videotapes available in the field.
Betty Carter, M.S.W., founder and Director Emerita (1977-1997) of the Family Institute of Westchester in White Plains, New York, spent over 30 years as a family therapy clinician, supervisor, teacher, and director of a major training institute. She received awards from the American Family Therapy Academy, Hunter College School of Social work, and the American Association of marriage and Family Therapy Research and Education Foundation. With her colleagues Peggy Papp, Olga Silverstein and Marianne Walters she co-founded the Women’s Project in Family Therapy, which promoted a feminist revisioning of family therapy and received awards from both the Family Therapy Academy and the AAMFT. Their work culminated in a book on gender-sensitive family therapy practice: The Invisible Web: Gender Patterns in Family Therapy Relationships.
In 1996 Betty Carter authored a trade book on couples, Love, Honor and Negotiate: Building Partnerships That Last a Lifetime. She published numerous professional book chapters and journal articles, along with educational videotapes produced by Steve Lerner for Guilford Press. Married to her husband Sam, a musician, for over 50 years, Betty has two sons and three grandchildren. She has said that of all her ideas she always loved the family life cycle framework most “because it contains all the other ideas and has room for more.”
Nydia Garcia-Preto, M.S.W., is the Associate Director at the Multicultural Family Institute in Highland Pk., NJ where she also has a Private Practice. Ms. Garcia-Preto was formerly a Visiting Professor at the Rutgers Graduate School of Social Work, and for many years the Director of the Adolescent Day Hospital, at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. She received her MSW from Rutgers Graduate School of Social Work and her BA in Sociology at Rider College. A highly respected family therapist, author, and teacher, and organizational trainer, she has publications in textbooks and journals on issues of cultural competence, Puerto Rican and Latino families, Latinas, immigration, ethnic intermarriage, and families with adolescents. She is co-editor of the most recent edition of Ethnicity and Family Therapy. Ms. Garcia-Preto received the Frantz Fanon, M.D. Award from the Post Graduate Center for Mental Health for her work Puerto Rican and Latino adolescents and families, and the Social Justice Award from The American Family Therapy Academy. She and her colleagues at MFI have developed many training for many years on multiculturalism in clinical work, and organizational consulting on cultural competence.
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Constance Ahrons, Ph.D., Professor emerita and former director of the Marriage and Family Therapy Doctoral Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Private practice in San Diego.
Carol Anderson, MSW, Ph.D., Professor, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA. Editor, Family Process.
Marie Anderson, MSW, Mental health with low income populations, Pittsburgh, PA.
Deidre Ashton, MSSW, LCSW, Faculty/Supervisor, Center for Family, Community, and Social Justice, Inc. Princeton, NJ. Faculty, Ackerman Institute for the Family, New York, NY. Couple and Family Therapist, Princeton Family Institute, Princeton, NJ.
Kathy Berliner, LCSW, Marriage and Family Therapist. Former faculty Family Institute of Westchester.
Ellen Berman, MD, Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Lynne Blacker, LCSW, Clinical Coordinator, Family Intervention Services, Morristown, NJ
Celia Jaes Falicov, Ph.D., Private Practice, San Diego, CA., Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Univ. of California, San Diego, CA
Richard H. Fulmer, Ph.D., Postocostoral Programs in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY. Private practice, New York, NY
Alison Heru, MD, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Denver
Paulette Moore Hines, Ph.D., Director, Office of Prevention Services & Research, a division of UBHC-University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ.
Evan Imber-Black, Ed.D., Faculty, Ackerman Institute for Family Therapy, New York, NY
Demaris Jacobs, Ph.D., Former faculty Family Institute of Westchester
Jodie Kilman, Ph.D., Core faculty of the Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology, Boston, MA; founding member of the Boston Institute for Culturally Accountable Practice
Tracey Laszloffy, Ph.D., Private practice, Norwich, CT
Steve Lerner, Ph.D., Private Practice, Topeka, KS
Matthew Mock, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology, John F. Kennedy University; Private Clinical and Consulting Practice, Berkeley, California; former Director, Center for Multicultural Development, California Institute for Mental Health (CIMH) and Drector, Family, Youth, Childern's and Multicultural Services, City of Berkeley, California.
Barbara Petkov, LMFT, Ed.S., Private practice, Highland Park; Alumni, MFI, Core Faculty MFI. Experience with children, adolescents, couples and families. Certified in EMDR. Trainer in cultural diversity
Sueli Petry, Ph.D., Alumna & Faculty of MFI. Experience with Latino families and with survivors of sexual abuse. Publications on Genograms, Brazilian families
John Rolland, MD, Professor of Psychiatry, University of Chicago and Co-Director, Chicago Center for Family Health, Chicago, IL.
Mary Anne Ross, BA, COPSA Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders, CMHC Piscataway University of Medicine and Dentistry of N.J.
Natalie Schwartzberg, LCSW, Marriage and Family Therapist. Former faculty Family Institute of Westchester.
Froma Walsh, MSW, Ph.D., Co-Founder, Chicago Center for Family Health, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Professor, School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Editor, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy
Marlene Watson, Ph.D., Associate Professor and the Director of Programs in Couple and Family therapy at Drexel University in Philadelphia
David Wohlsifer, LCSW, Ph.D., Private Practice, Bala Psychological Resources, Bala Cynwyd, PA; Adjunct Professor, Bryn Mawr College, Graduate School of Social Work; Social Research, Univ. of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice
PART I: PERSPECTIVES ON THE EVOLVING FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
Chapter 1: Overview: The Life Cycle in its Changing Context: Individual, Family and Social Perspectives
Monica McGoldrick, Betty Carter, Nydia Garcia Preto
Introduction: The Family Life Cycle: A System Moving Through Time
The Changing Family Life Cycle
Human Development in Context
The Vertical and Horizontal Flow of Stress in the Life Cycle
Anxiety and Symptom Development
Cohorts: When and Where in Time and Place We Are Located
Understanding Changing Families in Context
Friendship Through the Life Cycle
The Changing Family Life Cycle of Men and Women
Homeplace: The Importance of Belonging Throughout the Life Cycle
Power and Privilege Given to Some Groups over Others Because of the Hierarchical Rules and Norms Held by Religious, Social, Business, or Governmental Institutions
Life Cycle Stages: A Provisional Framework
Conclusion
Chapter 2 : Self in Contect: Human Development and the Individual Life Cycle in Systemic Perspective
Monica McGoldrick, Betty Carter, & Nydia Garcia Preto
Redefining the Dimensions of Human Development
Developing a Self in Context
The Myths of Complete Autonomy and Self-Determination
Developing a Mature Interdependent Self
Gendered Development
Developing a Self in a Nonaffirming Environment
Our Multiple Intelligences
The Connected Self Countering Unequal Gender, Class, Cultural, and Racial Socialization
The “Slings and Arrows” as Individual, Family, and Community Intersect
The Individual Life Cycle in Context: Developing an Autonomous and Emotionally Connected Self
Chapter 3: Women and the Family Life Cycle
Monica McGoldrick
Women’s Changing Life Cycle Roles
Women and Education
Women and Work
Women in Families
Women in the Middle: Women and Caretaking
Women’s Exclusion From Power Under the Law and Societal Expectations
Women and Marriage
Becoming Mothers
Adolescence
Launching Children and Moving On
Older Families
Women and Their Friendship Networks
Women and Loss
Conclusion: That the Bumble Bee Should Fly: Affirming Women Through the Life Cycle
Chapter 4: Men and the Life Cycle: Diversity and Complexity
Matthew R. Mock
Introduction
Men: A View of Their Relationships Across Generations
Men in Multiple, Mutual Relationships Across the Life Span
The Intersection of Gender and Other Social Complexities
Gender as a Significant Matter
An Understanding of Intersectionality and Male Power
Childhood
Adolescence
Young Adulthood
Men as Partners and Husbands
Fatherhood
Men at Midlife
Men as Friends With Other Men, Women and Friendship Networks
Men, Work, and Family Health
Elders and Older Age
Conclusion and Areas of Future Focus
Chapter 5: Social Class and the Life Cycle
Jodie Kliman
Introduction
Understanding Social Class
Case Examples
Social Class and Families With Young Children
Social Class and Families With Older Children and Adolescents
Social Class and Families With Late Adolescents and Young Adults
Social Class and Families With Adults in Mid- and Later Life
Conclusions: Implications for Family Therapy
Chapter 6: The Life Cycle of African American Families Living in Poverty
Paulette Moore Hines
Factors Influencing Diversity, Functioning, and Resilience Through the Life Cycle
Characteristics of the Family Life Cycle
Stages of the Family Life Cycle
Assessment and Treatment Considerations
Case Illustration
Avoiding Therapist Burn-Out
Conclusion
Chapter 7 Sexuality and the Life Cycle
Ellen Berman & David Wohlsifer
The Biology of Sexuality
Sexuality and Gender Across the Life Cycle
Sexuality Through the Life Cycle
Conclusion
Chapter 8: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals and the Family Life Cycle
Deidre Ashton
Introduction
Current Status of LGBT Families in the United States
Diversity Among LGBT Families
Models of LGBT Identity Development
Lesbian and Gay Identity Development
Bisexual Identity Development
Transgender Identity Development
Coming Out
The Family Life Cycle
Leaving Home and Staying Connected: Launching and Single Adulthood
Coupling
Parenting: Families With Young Children
Parenting: Families With Adolescent Children Families in Later Life
Conclusion
Chapter 9: Spirituality and the Family Life Cycle
Sueli Petry
Spirituality and Religion in America
Family Life Cycle Theory and Application to Context of Spirituality
Children and Spirituality
Adolescence: Identity Development and Spirituality
Early Adulthood: Time to Explore and Make Choices About Spiritual Beliefs
Middle-Age: Beliefs Reaffirmed
Older Adults: Aging and Facing Mortality
Conclusion
Chapter 10 Siblings and the Life Cycle
Monica McGoldrick & Marlene Watson
The Importance of Sibling Relationships Through the Life Cycle
Age Spacing
Gender Differences
Birth-Order Effects in Sibling Relationships
Life Cycle Issues in Families With Disabled Siblings
Sibling Positions and Parenting
Siblings and Adolescent Relationships
Sibling Relationships in Young Adulthood
Sibling Positions and Marital Relationships
In-Laws, Step- and Half Siblings Sibling Relationships in Midlife
Sibling Relationships After the Death of Parents
Other Factors That Intersect With Sibling Patterns: Culture, Class, and Race
Rules of Thumb for Sibling Relationships Through the Life Cycle
Conclusions
Chapter 11: Single Adults and the Life Cycle
Kathy Berliner, Demaris Jacob, & Natalie Schwartzberg
The Single Adult and the Family Life Cycle
Setting the Clinical Stage
The Single Person’s Life Cycle
The Stages
PART II: LIFE CYCLE TRANSITIONS AND PHASES
Chapter 12: Becoming and Adult: Finding Ways to Love and Work
Richard H. Fulmer
Young Adulthood(s) in the New Century
Early Young Adulthood: Developmental Tasks
Work Tasks: Preparation Without Pay or Earning out of Necessity?
Relationship Tasks: Trying to Find Love in Lust
Early Young Adulthood: Ages 18 to 21
Later Young Adulthood, Ages 22 to 30: Trying to Consolidate Work and Family
Young Adulthood for Men
Anticipation of Death
Barriers to Affiliation for Men
Affiliation: Can Fathers Help?
Young Adulthood for Women
Anticipation of Birth
Conclusion: Young Adulthood as a Transition for Three Generations
Chapter 13: Becoming a Couple
Monica McGoldrick
Marriage in Our Times
Fusion and Intimacy
Gay and Lesbian Couples
The Wedding
Sexuality
Patterns With Extended Family
In-Laws
Sibling Issues in Couple Formation
Cultural Differences
Chapter 14: Becoming Parents: The Family with Young Children
Betty Carter, Monica McGoldrick, & Barbara Petkov
Introduction
Expectations Versus Reality
The New Demographics of Families in the Parenting Phase
The Emotional System
Child Care and the Work—Family Dilemma
Gender Issues in Parenting: The Power Imbalance
Child-Rearing
Alternate Pathways to Parenthood
Lesbian and Gay Parenting
Foster Care
Clinical Guidelines
Shifting Focus Among Levels of the System
Transition Groups
Helping Fathers to Be More Involved
Helping Parents Prepare Sons as Well as Daughters to Develop into Caring Adults
Helping White Parents to Prepare Their Children for a Multicultural World
Helping Minority-Group Parents to Protect Their Children in an Oppressive Society
Talking to Parents About Values
Conclusion
Chapter 15: Transformation of the Family System During Adolescence
Nydia Garcia Preto
The Sociocultural Context
Developing a Gender Identity
Gender Identity: A Social and Cultural Construct
Developing Racial and Ethnic Identity
Physical Changes
Sexual Changes and Sexual Orientation
Emotional Changes
Changes in the Family Structure
Therapeutic Interventions
Renegotiating Relationships Between Parents and Adolescents
Strengthening the Parental Bond
Building Community
Conclusion
Chapter 16: Families at Midlife: Launching Children and Moving On
Nydia Garcia Preto & Lynn Blacker
Overview
Launching
Middle Age: The Longest Life Cycle Stage
Men and Women at Midlife
Women at Midlife
Men at Midlife
Other Midlife Tasks
Conclusion
Chapter 17: Families in Later Life: Challenges, Opportunities, and Resilience
Froma Walsh
The Graying of the Family
The Varying and Extended Family Life Course
From Ageism and Gerophobia to a Larger Vision of Later Life
The Vital Importance of Family Bonds
Later-Life Transitions and Challenges
Retirement
Grandparenthood
Chronic Illness and Family Caregiving
Dementias: The Long Good-Bye
Family Intervention Issues and Priorities
From Designated Caregiver to Caregiving Team
Placement Planning
Facing End-of-life Challenges, Widowhood, and Loss of Loved Ones
Cross-Generational Interplay of Life Cycle Issues
Successful Aging: Meaning and Connection
The Wisdom and Spirit of the Elders
The Significance of Relational Connections
Clinical Challenges and Opportunities: A Resilience-Oriented Approach
Facilitating Family Healing and Resilience
Looking Ahead
Expanding Our Developmental Lens
Chapter 18: Death, Loss, and the Family Life Cycle
Monica McGoldrick & Froma Walsh
Family Adaptation to Loss
Loss at Various Family Life Cycle Stages
Launching Children and Moving On
Families in Later Life
Death in Divorced and Remarried Families
Varied Life Course Challenges: Hidden and Stigmatized Losses
Diverse Cultural and Spiritual Beliefs and Practices
Conclusion
Chapter 19: Divorce: An Unscheduled Family Transition
Constance R. Ahrons
The Context of Divorce: Historical and Legal Perspectives
Demographics and the Probability of Divorce
Ethnic and Life Cycle Variations
The Social Context
Divorce as a Multidimensional Process
The Binuclear Family
Transitions of the Divorce Process
The Transitions Framework
Individual Cognition: The Decision
Family Metacognition: The Announcement
Systemic Separation: Dismantling the Nuclear Family
Systemic Reorganization: The Binuclear Family
Family Redefinition: The Aftermath
Clinical Overview
Chapter 20: Single-Parent Families: Strengths, Vulnerabilities, and Interventions
Carol M. Anderson & Maria Anderson
Single Parents and the Family Life Cycle
When Single-Parent Families Seek Help
Conclusions
Chapter 21: Families Transformed by the Divorce Cycle: Reconstituted, Multinuclear, Recoupled, and Remarried Families
Monica McGoldrick & Betty Carter
Gender Issues in Divorce
Time to Move Through This Life Cycle Phase
The Divorce and Postdivorce Family Emotional Process
A New Paradigm of Family
The Impact of Remarriage at Various Phases of the Family Life Cycle
Spouses at the Same Life Cycle Phase
Stepfamilies and Young Children
Stepfamilies With Adolescents
The Impact of Remarriage in Later Life Cycle Phases
Clinical Intervention With Remarried Families Clinical Guidelines
Case Illustration
Chapter 22: Migration and the Life Cycle
Celia J. Falicov
A Social Critique of Life Cycle Concepts in Family Therapy
Age and Life Cycle Stage at the Time of Migration
Contextual Stressors in the Life Cycle of Immigrants
Separations, Reunifications, and Life Cycle Consequences
Family Reorganizations and Life Cycle Reverberations
Cultural Changes and Cultural Retention in the Family Life Cycle
Conclusion
PART III: CLINICAL DILEMMAS AND INTERVENTIONS
Chapter 23: Chronic Ilness and the Life Cycle
John S. Rolland
The Social Context of Illness and Disabilities
Psychosocial Typology of Illness
Time Phases of Illness
Clinical Implications
Interface of the Illness, Individual, and Family Development
Periods of Child-Rearing and Postlaunching
Life Cycle Transition Periods
Life Structure-Maintaining Periods
Multigenerational Experiences With Illness, Loss, and Crisis Life Cycle Coincidences Across Generations
The New Era of Genetics
Conclusion
Chapter 24: Alcohol Problems and the Life Cycle
Tracey A. Laszloffy
Definitions of Alcoholism
Scope of the Problem
Risk Factors/Vulnerabilities
Understanding Alcoholism From a Family Life Cycle Perspective
A Word About Contextual Factors
Effect of Alcoholism on Children
Families With Adolescents
Midlife Change
Divorce
Aging and Later Life
Implications for Treatment
Case Study–The Burton Family
Conclusion
Chapter 25: Violence and the Life Cycle
Monica McGoldrick & Mary Anne Ross
A Family or Social Legacy
Young Adulthood
Families With Young Children
Families With Adolescents
Families at Midlife
Older Families
Conclusion
Chapter 26: Psychiatric Illness and the Life Cycle
Ellen Berman & Alison Heru
The Concept of Psychiatric Illness
The Evolving Nature of Diagnosis
Psychiatric Illness and the Family System
Culture and Psychiatric Illness
Psychiatric Illness and the Family Life Cycle
The Family With Young and Adolescent Children
Conclusion
Chapter 27: Coaching at Various Stages of the Life Cycle
Monica McGoldrick & Betty Carter
Fusion and Differentiation
Distancing and Cut Off
Triangles
Differentiation
Reversals and Detriangling
Opening Up a Closed System
Engagement and System Mapping
Planning: Learning About the System and One’s Own Role in It
Guidelines to Teach Clients
The Single Young Adult The Main Work Follow Through
Money and the Family
Gender Issues in Coaching
Guidelines for the Therapist (Coach)
Conclusion
Chapter 28: Creating Meaningful Rituals for New Life Cycle Transitions
Evan Imber-Black
Creating Rituals as a Developmental Task for Couples
Contemporary Life Cycle Transitions
The Emergence of Symptoms
Therapeutic Rituals
Discussion of the Ritual
Healing Rituals
Identity Redefinition Rituals
Designing and Implementing Rituals for New Life Cycle Transitions
Conclusion
Chapter 29: The Therapist and the Family: The Intersection of Life Cycles
Steve Lerner
Dimensions of Similarity Between Therapist and Client
Brief Scenarios: Complex Therapist—Family Life Cycle Interactions
Families With Young Children: A Complex Intersection
She Nurtures/He Earns: The Therapist’s Transition Gets in the Way
The Long-Term View: Working With One Family Over Successive Life Cycle Stages
Working With Loss: A Link Between Life Cycle Stages
Conclusion
Appendix: A Multicultural Life Cycle Framework for Clinical Assessment
Monica McGoldrick, Betty Carter & Nydia Garcia Preto
A Multicontextual Assessment
I. Assessing Individual Life Cycle Development & Stressors (Body, Mind, and Spirit)
II. Assessing the Family: Immediate and Extended Family System
III. Assessing the Social and Cultural Context
Assessing Families’ Multiple Contexts
Questions to Help Clients Think About Their Family’s Migration and Cultural Heritage in a Multicontextual
Life Cycle Perspective
Questions to Help Clients Look Beyond the Stress of Their Current Situation and Access the Strengths
of Their Heritage
Questions About Values
About Privilege and Oppression
Tools for Assessment
Standard Symbols for Genograms
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Other versions by this Author
