Industrial Image Processing: Visual Quality Control in Manufacturing

by ; ;
Edition: CD
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1999-11-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
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Summary

This practical introduction focuses on how to build integrated solutions to industrial vision problems from individual algorithms. It gives a hands-on guide for setting up automated visual inspection systems using real-world examples and the NeuroCheck software package. This software is used for on-line visual inspection in many industrial production processes. Based on many years of experience in industries, the editors explain all the (mostly unpublished but essential) details encountered in the creation of real-world vision systems. With the original NeuroCheck software package and all the example images included on CD-ROM, readers can work their way through the described inspection tasks and carry out their own experiments.

Table of Contents

Introduction
15(24)
Why write another book about image processing?
15(2)
Possibilities and limitations
17(2)
Types of inspection tasks
19(1)
Structure of image processing systems
20(7)
Hardware setup
20(3)
Signal flow in the process environment
23(3)
Signal flow within an image processing system
26(1)
Solution approach
27(2)
Introductory example
29(7)
Character recognition
30(3)
Thread depth
33(2)
Presence verification
35(1)
From here
36(3)
Overview: Image Preprocessing
39(36)
Gray scale transformations
40(7)
Look-up tables
40(2)
Linear gray level scaling
42(1)
Contrast enhancement
43(1)
Histogram equalization
44(1)
Local contrast enhancement
45(2)
Image arithmetic
47(5)
Image addition and averaging
47(1)
Image subtraction
48(2)
Minimum and maximum of two images
50(1)
Shading correction
51(1)
Linear filters
52(14)
Local operations and neighborhoods
52(1)
Principle of linear filters
53(3)
Smoothing filter
56(5)
Edge filters
61(5)
Median filter
66(1)
Morphological filters
67(3)
Other non-linear filters
70(1)
Global operations
71(1)
Key terms
72(3)
Positioning
75(20)
Position of an individual object
75(6)
Positioning using the entire object
76(2)
Positioning using an edge
78(3)
Orientation of an individual object
81(5)
Orientation computation using principal axis
81(3)
Distance-versus-angle signature
84(2)
Robot positioning
86(6)
Setting of tasks
86(1)
Image processing components
87(1)
Position determination on one object
88(1)
Orientation of an object configuration
89(1)
Comments concerning position adjustment
90(2)
Key terms
92(3)
Overview: Segmentation
95(30)
Regions of interest
95(1)
Regions and objects
95(1)
Thresholding
96(8)
Thresholds
97(1)
Threshold determination from histogram analysis
98(1)
Gray level histograms
99(3)
Generalizations of thresholding
102(2)
Contour tracing
104(4)
Pixel connectedness
104(2)
Generating object contours
106(1)
Contour representation
107(1)
Edge based methods
108(3)
Edge probing in industrial image scenes
108(1)
Edge detection with subpixel accuracy
109(2)
Template matching
111(9)
Basic operation
112(3)
Optimizing template matching
115(4)
Comments on template matching
119(1)
Key terms
120(5)
Mark Identification
125(40)
Bar code identification
125(7)
Principle of gray-level-based bar code identification
126(1)
Bar code symbologies
127(2)
Examples of industrial bar code identification
129(3)
Further information
132(1)
Character recognition
132(17)
Laser-etched characters on an IC
132(1)
Basic configuration of the character recognition
133(3)
Fundamental structure of a classifier application
136(5)
Position adjustment on the IC
141(4)
Improving character quality
145(3)
Optimization in operation
148(1)
Recognition of pin-marked digits on metal
149(3)
Illumination
149(1)
Preprocessing
150(1)
Segmentation and classification
150(2)
Block codes on rolls of film
152(4)
Print quality inspection
156(5)
Procedure
158(1)
Print quality inspection in individual regions
159(1)
Print quality inspection with automatic subdivision
160(1)
Key terms
161(4)
Overview: Classification
165(26)
What is classification?
165(2)
Classification as function approximation
167(5)
Machine learning
167(2)
Statistical foundations
169(1)
Constructing classifiers
170(2)
Instance-based classifiers
172(6)
Nearest neighbor classifier
172(2)
RCE networks
174(1)
Radial basis functions
175(1)
Vector quantization
176(1)
Template matching
177(1)
Remarks on instance-based classifiers
177(1)
Function-based classifiers
178(5)
Polynomial classifier
178(1)
Multilayer perceptron-type neural networks
179(3)
Representation of other classifiers as neural networks
182(1)
Remarks on the application of neural networks
183(3)
Composition of the training set
183(1)
Feature scaling
183(1)
Rejection
184(1)
Arbitrariness
185(1)
Key terms
186(5)
Dimensional Checking
191(30)
Gauging tasks
191(1)
Simple gauging
192(9)
Center point distance
193(3)
Contour distances
196(4)
Angle measurements
200(1)
Shape checking on a punched part
201(4)
Inspection task
201(1)
Modeling contours by lines
202(3)
Measuring the contour angle
205(1)
Angle gauging on toothed belt
205(4)
Illumination setup
206(2)
Edge creation
208(1)
Shape checking on injection-molded part
209(4)
Computing radii
209(2)
Remarks on model circle computation
211(2)
High accuracy gauging on thread flange
213(2)
Illumination and image capture
213(1)
Subpixel-accurate gauging of the thread depth
214(1)
Calibration
215(3)
Calibration mode
217(1)
Inspection-related calibration
217(1)
Key terms
218(3)
Overview: Image Acquisition and Illumination
221(58)
Solid-state sensors
221(7)
CCD sensor operation
222(2)
Properties of CCD sensors
224(2)
Image degradation
226(2)
Standard video cameras
228(10)
Basic structure
228(2)
The video standard
230(2)
Sampling of the line signal
232(3)
Extensions of the video standard
235(1)
Image quality
236(2)
Other camera types
238(5)
Progressive scan cameras
238(1)
Asynchronous cameras
238(1)
Digital cameras
239(1)
Line-scan cameras
240(2)
Additional camera properties
242(1)
Transmission to the computer
243(6)
Basic operation of a frame grabber
244(2)
Frame grabbers for standard video cameras
246(1)
Frame grabbers for other camera types
246(2)
Direct digital transmission
248(1)
Optical foundations
249(16)
F-number
249(2)
Thin lens imaging equation
251(4)
Depth of field
255(4)
Typical imaging situations
259(1)
Aberrations
260(2)
Lens selection
262(2)
Special optical devices
264(1)
Illumination technology
265(7)
Light sources
266(1)
Front lighting
267(3)
Back Lighting
270(2)
Key terms
272(7)
Presence Verification
279(32)
Simple presence verification
279(9)
Part geometry
280(1)
Illumination
281(1)
Position adjustment
282(2)
Segmentation
284(1)
Evaluation
285(1)
Segmentation with template matching
286(2)
Simple gauging for assembly verification
288(5)
Illumination
288(1)
Inspection criteria
289(2)
Object creation and measurement computation
291(1)
Position adjustment
292(1)
Presence verification using classifiers
293(13)
Illumination
293(4)
Inspection of the caulking
297(5)
Type verification of the flange
302(4)
Contrast-free presence verification
306(2)
Key terms
308(3)
Overview: Object Features
311(16)
Basic geometrical features
311(6)
Enclosing rectangle
311(1)
Area and perimeter
312(3)
Center of gravity
315(1)
Axes and radii
316(1)
Shape-descriptors
317(5)
Curvature
317(3)
Fiber features
320(1)
Euler's number
321(1)
Moments and Fourier descriptors
321(1)
Gray level features
322(2)
First-order statistics
322(1)
Texture features
323(1)
Key terms
324(3)
Outlook: Visual Inspection Projects
327(4)
A. Mathematical Notes 331(12)
A.1 Backpropagation training
331(5)
A.1.1 Neural networks -- concept and history
331(1)
A.1.2 Fundamentals
332(1)
A.1.3 Backpropagation
333(3)
A.2 Computation of the depth of field
336(7)
A.2.1 Limit distances
336(3)
A.2.2 Depth of field at infinite distance
339(1)
A.2.3 Dependence of the depth of field on the focal length
340(3)
B. The Companion CD 343(2)
References 345(3)
Index 348

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