Introduction to Spintronics

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2008-03-20
Publisher(s): CRC Press
  • Free Shipping Icon

    This Item Qualifies for Free Shipping!*

    *Excludes marketplace orders.

List Price: $115.45

Rent Textbook

Select for Price
There was a problem. Please try again later.

New Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

Used Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

eTextbook

We're Sorry
Not Available

How Marketplace Works:

  • This item is offered by an independent seller and not shipped from our warehouse
  • Item details like edition and cover design may differ from our description; see seller's comments before ordering.
  • Sellers much confirm and ship within two business days; otherwise, the order will be cancelled and refunded.
  • Marketplace purchases cannot be returned to eCampus.com. Contact the seller directly for inquiries; if no response within two days, contact customer service.
  • Additional shipping costs apply to Marketplace purchases. Review shipping costs at checkout.

Summary

Using spin to replace or augment the role of charge in signal processing devices, computing systems and circuits may improve speed, power consumption, and device density in some cases'”making the study of spinone of the fastest-growing areas in micro- and nanoelectronics. With most of the literature on the subject still highly advanced and heavily theoretical, the demand for a practical introduction to the concepts relating to spin has only now been filled. Explains effects such as giant magnetoresistance, the subject of the 2007 Nobel Prize in physics Introduction to Spintronicsis an accessible, organized, and progressive presentation of the quantum mechanical concept of spin. The authors build a foundation of principles and equations underlying the physics, transport, and dynamics of spin in solid state systems. They explain the use of spin for encoding qubits in quantum logic processors; clarify how spin-orbit interaction forms the basis for certainspin-based devices such as spintronic field effect transistors; and discuss the effects of magnetic fields on spin-based device performance. Covers active hybrid spintronic devices, monolithic spintronic devices, passive spintronic devices, and devices based on the giant magnetoresistance effect The final chapters introduce the burgeoning field of spin-based reversible logic gates, spintronic embodiments of quantum computers, and other topics in quantum mechanics that have applications in spintronics. An Introduction to Spintronicsprovides the knowledge and understanding of the field needed to conduct independent research in spintronics.

Table of Contents

The Early History of Spinp. 1
Spinp. 1
The Bohr planetary model and space quantizationp. 3
The birth of "spin"p. 4
The Stern-Gerlach experimentp. 5
The advent of Spintronicsp. 8
Problemsp. 10
Referencesp. 13
The Quantum Mechanics of Spinp. 17
Pauli spin matricesp. 19
Eigenvectors of the Pauli matrices: spinorsp. 22
The Pauli Equation and spinorsp. 23
More on the Pauli Equationp. 25
Extending the Pauli Equation - the Dirac Equationp. 26
The time independent Dirac Equationp. 30
Non-relativistic approximation to the Dirac Equationp. 30
Relationship between the non-relativistic approximation to the Dirac Equation and the Pauli Equationp. 31
Problemsp. 31
Appendixp. 33
Working with spin operatorsp. 36
Two useful theoremsp. 36
Applications of the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics to a few spin problemsp. 39
The Heisenberg Principle for spin componentsp. 42
Referencesp. 43
The Bloch Spherep. 45
The spinor and the "qubit"p. 45
The Bloch sphere conceptp. 47
Preliminariesp. 47
Connection between the Bloch sphere concept and the classical interpretation of the spin of electronp. 50
Relationship with qubitp. 51
Special spinorsp. 53
The spin flip matrixp. 54
Excursions on the Bloch sphere: the Pauli matrices revisitedp. 54
Problemsp. 58
Referencesp. 63
Evolution of a Spinor on the Bloch Spherep. 65
Spin-1/2 particle in a constant magnetic field: Larmor precessionp. 65
Rotation on the Bloch spherep. 67
Preparing to derive the Rabi formulap. 69
The Rabi formulap. 74
Spin flip timep. 75
Problemsp. 87
Referencesp. 89
The Density Matrixp. 91
The density matrix concept: case of a pure statep. 91
Properties of the density matrixp. 92
Pure versus mixed statep. 96
Concept of the Bloch ballp. 99
Time evolution of the density matrix: case of mixed statep. 101
The relaxation times T1 and T2 and the Bloch equationsp. 105
Problemsp. 118
Referencesp. 130
Spin Orbit Interactionp. 131
Spin orbit interaction in a solidp. 134
Rashba interactionp. 134
Dresselhaus interactionp. 136
Problemsp. 137
Referencesp. 139
Magneto-Electric Subbands in Quantum Confined Structures in the Presence of Spin-Orbit Interactionp. 141
Dispersion relations of spin resolved magneto-electric subbands and eigenspinors in a two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of spin-orbit interactionp. 141
Magnetic field in the plane of the 2-DEGp. 144
Magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the 2-DEGp. 152
Dispersion relations of spin resolved magneto-electric subbands and eigenspinors in a one-dimensional electron gas in the presence of spin-orbit interactionp. 153
Magnetic field directed along the wire axis (x-axis)p. 153
Spin componentsp. 157
Magnetic field perpendicular to wire axis and along the electric field causing Rashba effect (i.e., along y-axis)p. 161
Spin componentsp. 167
Magnetic field perpendicular to wire axis and the electric field causing Rashba effect (i.e., along the z-axis)p. 168
Spin componentsp. 170
Special casep. 170
Eigenenergies of spin resolved subbands and eigenspinors in a quantum dot in the presence of spin-orbit interactionp. 171
Why are the dispersion relations important?p. 176
The three types of Hall Effectp. 177
Quantum spin-Hall Effectp. 189
Problemsp. 191
Referencesp. 195
Spin Relaxationp. 199
The spin-independent spin-orbit magnetic fieldp. 201
Spin relaxation mechanismsp. 204
Elliott-Yafet mechanismp. 204
D'yakonov Perel' mechanismp. 207
Bir-Aronov-Pikus mechanismp. 214
Hyperfine interactions with nuclear spinsp. 215
Spin relaxation in a quantum dotp. 216
Longitudinal and transverse spin relaxation times in a quantum dotp. 218
The Spin Galvanic Effectp. 223
Another example of current flow without a batteryp. 224
Problemsp. 228
Referencesp. 238
Exchange Interactionp. 243
Identical particles and the Pauli Exclusion Principlep. 243
The Helium atomp. 244
The Heitler-London model of the Hydrogen moleculep. 253
Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximationsp. 256
The role of exchange in ferromagnetismp. 258
The Bloch model of ferromagnetismp. 258
The Heisenberg model of ferromagnetismp. 259
The Heisenberg Hamiltonianp. 260
Problemsp. 261
Referencesp. 265
Spin Transport in Solidsp. 267
The drift-diffusion modelp. 267
Derivation of the simplified steady state spin drift-diffusion equationp. 271
The semiclassical modelp. 274
Spin transport in a quantum wire: Monte Carlo simulationp. 276
Monte Carlo simulationp. 277
Specific examples: temporal decay of spin polarizationp. 278
Specific examples: spatial decay of spin polarizationp. 280
Upstream transportp. 280
Concluding remarksp. 283
Problemsp. 285
Referencesp. 285
Passive Spintronic Devices and Related Conceptsp. 287
Spin valvep. 287
Spin injection efficiencyp. 289
Stoner-Wohlfarth model of a ferromagnetp. 290
A simple two resistor model to understand the spin valvep. 294
More advanced treatment of the spin valvep. 297
A transfer matrix modelp. 304
Application of the Jullière formula to extract the spin diffusion length in a paramagnet from spin valve experimentsp. 319
Spin valve experimentsp. 319
Hysteresis in spin valve magnetoresistancep. 320
Giant magnetoresistancep. 323
Applications of the spin valve and GMR effectsp. 326
Spin accumulationp. 331
Spin injection across a ferromagnet/metal interfacep. 336
Spin injection in a spin valvep. 341
Spin extraction at the interface between a ferromagnet and a semiconductorp. 347
Problemsp. 353
Referencesp. 356
Hybrid Spintronics: Active Devices Based on Spin and Chargep. 361
Spin-based transistorsp. 361
Spin field effect transistors (Spinfet)p. 363
Particle viewpointp. 366
Wave viewpointp. 368
The effect of scattering on the Datta-Das SPINFETp. 369
The transfer characteristic of the Datta-Das transistorp. 370
Sub-threshold slopep. 372
The effect of non-idealitiesp. 374
The quantum well SPINFETp. 377
The SPINFET based on the Dresselhaus spin-orbit interactionp. 378
Device performance of SPINFETsp. 382
Comparison between MISFET and SPINFETp. 383
Comparison between HEMT and SPINFETp. 385
Power dissipation estimatesp. 387
Other types of SPINFETsp. 387
The non-ballistic SPINFETp. 387
The spin relaxation transistorp. 390
The importance of the spin injection efficiencyp. 392
Transconductance, gain, bandwidth and isolationp. 396
Silicon SPINFETsp. 397
Spin Bipolar Junction Transistors (SBJT)p. 398
GMR-based transistorsp. 400
The all-metal spin transistorp. 400
The spin valve transistorp. 403
Concluding remarksp. 406
Problemsp. 407
Referencesp. 409
Monolithic Spintronics: All-Spin Logic Processorsp. 413
Monolithic spintronicsp. 413
Bit stability and fidelityp. 414
Reading and writing single spinp. 415
Single Spin Logicp. 416
The universal Single Electron Logic gate: the NAND gatep. 416
The input dependent ground states of the NAND gatep. 418
Ground state computing with spinsp. 426
Energy dissipation issuesp. 432
Energy dissipated in the gate during switchingp. 432
Energy dissipated in the clocking circuitp. 436
Comparison between hybrid and monolithic spintronicsp. 436
Concluding remarksp. 437
Problemsp. 437
Referencesp. 439
Quantum Computing with Spinsp. 443
The quantum inverterp. 443
Can the NAND gate be switched without dissipating energy?p. 448
Universal reversible gate: the Toffoli-Fredkin gatep. 453
Dynamics of the T-F gatep. 455
A-matrixp. 456
Quantum gatesp. 456
The strange nature of true quantum gates: the 'square root of NOT' gatep. 457
Qubitsp. 458
Superposition statesp. 460
Quantum parallelismp. 461
Universal quantum gatesp. 463
2-qubit universal quantum gatesp. 464
A 2-qubit "spintronic" universal quantum gatep. 464
The silicon quantum computer based on nuclear spinsp. 464
Quantum dot-based spintronic model of universal quantum gatep. 466
Conclusionp. 468
Problemsp. 469
Referencesp. 470
A Quantum Mechanics Primerp. 475
Blackbody radiation and quantization of electromagnetic energyp. 475
Blackbody radiationp. 475
The concept of the photonp. 476
Wave-particle duality and the De Broglie wavelengthp. 479
Postulates of quantum mechanicsp. 482
Interpretation of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principlep. 488
Time evolution of expectation values: the Ehrenfest Theoremp. 491
Some elements of semiconductor physics: particular application in nanostructuresp. 493
Density of states: bulk (3-D) to quantum dot (0-D)p. 493
The Rayleigh-Ritz variational procedurep. 507
The transfer matrix formalismp. 512
Linearly independent solutions of the Schrödinger equationp. 513
Concept of Wronskianp. 514
Concept of transfer matrixp. 515
Cascading rule for transfer matricesp. 515
Problemsp. 520
Referencesp. 521
Indexp. 523
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

An electronic version of this book is available through VitalSource.

This book is viewable on PC, Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and most smartphones.

By purchasing, you will be able to view this book online, as well as download it, for the chosen number of days.

Digital License

You are licensing a digital product for a set duration. Durations are set forth in the product description, with "Lifetime" typically meaning five (5) years of online access and permanent download to a supported device. All licenses are non-transferable.

More details can be found here.

A downloadable version of this book is available through the eCampus Reader or compatible Adobe readers.

Applications are available on iOS, Android, PC, Mac, and Windows Mobile platforms.

Please view the compatibility matrix prior to purchase.