
Ligand-Binding Assays Development, Validation, and Implementation in the Drug Development Arena
by Khan, Masood N.; Findlay, John W. A.-
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Summary
Author Biography
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
Contributors | p. xv |
Ligand-Binding Assays in Drug Development: Introduction and Historical Perspective | p. 1 |
General | p. 1 |
Historical Review | p. 2 |
LBAs for Macromolecules | p. 3 |
Advantages and Limitations of LBAs | p. 4 |
Ligand-Binding Assay Bioanalytical Focus Group of AAPS | p. 4 |
Scope of the Present Volume | p. 8 |
References | p. 11 |
Ligand-Binding Assays to Support Disposition Studies of Macromolecular Therapeutics | p. 15 |
Introduction | p. 15 |
Differences Between Low Molecular Weight Molecules and Macromolecules | p. 16 |
LBA Assay Considerations Relative to Research and Development Stage | p. 23 |
Critical Future Challenges for Ligand-Binding Assays | p. 30 |
Conclusions | p. 32 |
References | p. 32 |
Development of Ligand-Binding Assays for Drug Development Support | p. 39 |
Introduction | p. 39 |
Inherent Complexities of Immunoassay Development | p. 42 |
Steps in the Development of a Validatable Immunoassay | p. 45 |
Development and Optimization of an Immunoassay | p. 58 |
Optimization of Commercial Kit-Based Assays | p. 70 |
Troubleshooting Immunoassays | p. 70 |
Conclusions | p. 75 |
Acknowledgments | p. 76 |
References | p. 76 |
Validation of Ligand-Binding Assays to Support Pharmacokinetic Assessments of Biotherapeutics | p. 81 |
Introduction | p. 81 |
Assay Development and Validation Paradigm | p. 83 |
Prestudy Validation Phase | p. 84 |
Analytical Performance Characteristics | p. 85 |
In-Study Validation Phase | p. 105 |
Partial Validations/Method Transfer/Cross-Validation | p. 107 |
Documentation | p. 108 |
Conclusions | p. 108 |
References | p. 109 |
Statistical Considerations in the Validation of Ligand-Binding Assays | p. 111 |
Introduction | p. 111 |
Objectives of Assay Validation | p. 113 |
Validation Criteria | p. 115 |
Estimating Assay Performance Characteristics | p. 119 |
Decision Rules and Risk Assessment in Prestudy Validation | p. 122 |
Decision Rules During In-Study Phase and Associated Risks | p. 123 |
Reconciling Validation and Routine Decision Rules | p. 124 |
Conclusions | p. 126 |
References | p. 126 |
Development and Validation of Ligand-Binding Assays for Biomarkers | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Preanalytical Considerations and Method Feasibility | p. 134 |
Method Development and Method Qualification for Exploratory Applications | p. 142 |
Method Development and Method Validation for Advanced Applications | p. 151 |
Partial Validation for Change Control | p. 154 |
Documentation, Record Keeping, and Reporting | p. 154 |
Regulatory Issues | p. 155 |
In-study Validation | p. 156 |
Conclusions | p. 157 |
Acknowledgments | p. 158 |
References | p. 158 |
The Use of Commercial Assay Kits for PK/PD Analysis in Drug Development | p. 163 |
Introduction | p. 163 |
Validation Definitions That May be Interpreted Inconsistently | p. 166 |
Validation Experiments | p. 168 |
Stability | p. 180 |
Reoptimizing Reagent Concentrations | p. 184 |
The Use of Commercial Kits for PK and TK Assays | p. 186 |
Matrix Problems | p. 189 |
Changing Method Protocol | p. 190 |
Conclusions | p. 191 |
References | p. 191 |
Development and Validation of Immunogenicity Assays for Preclinical and Clinical Studies | p. 193 |
Introduction | p. 193 |
Immunogenicity Risk-Based Strategy | p. 194 |
Regulatory Guidance | p. 195 |
Assay Design | p. 196 |
Optimization and Validation: Total Binding Antibody Assays | p. 204 |
Optimization and Validation: Neutralizing Antibody Assays | p. 213 |
Assays and Risk Assessment | p. 220 |
Application and Interpretation of Data | p. 224 |
Conclusions | p. 225 |
Appendix 8.A Illustration of Screening Cut Point Evaluation | p. 227 |
References | p. 234 |
Macromolecular Reference Standards for Biotherapeutic Pharmacokinetic Analysis | p. 239 |
Introduction | p. 239 |
United States Pharmacopeia | p. 241 |
Characterization of Non-USP Reference Standards | p. 245 |
The PK Assay | p. 257 |
Conclusions | p. 262 |
References | p. 263 |
Strategies for Successful Transfer of Ligand-Binding Assays for Successful Validation and Implementation in GXP Environment | p. 265 |
Introduction | p. 265 |
Establishing Successful Working Relationships Between Laboratories | p. 267 |
Method Transfer | p. 272 |
Monitoring the Method Transfer Process | p. 277 |
Auditing CROs | p. 279 |
Method Troubleshooting | p. 281 |
Secrets of Successful Method Transfer | p. 285 |
Acknowledgments | p. 286 |
References | p. 286 |
Application of Automation in Ligand-Binding Assays | p. 287 |
Introduction | p. 287 |
Implementing Automated Systems | p. 290 |
Specific Ligand-Binding Assay Automation Systems | p. 305 |
Automated Sample Dilutors | p. 307 |
Assay Robots | p. 317 |
Integration: Tying It All Together | p. 323 |
Future Directions in Ligand-Binding Assay Automation | p. 325 |
Conclusion | p. 325 |
Acknowledgments | p. 325 |
References | p. 326 |
Documentation and Regulatory Compliance | p. 327 |
Regulatory Perspectives in the Documentation of Bioanalytical Data and Reports | p. 327 |
Recommendations for Development, Validation, Implementation, and Reporting Phases | p. 330 |
Conclusions | p. 340 |
References | p. 340 |
Alternative and Emerging Methodologies in Ligand-Binding Assays | p. 343 |
Introduction | p. 343 |
Dissociation-Enhanced Lanthanide Fluoroimmunoassay | p. 344 |
Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay | p. 346 |
Immuno-Polymerase Chain Reaction | p. 348 |
Electrochemiluminescence-Based Ligand-Binding Assays | p. 350 |
Hybridization-Based Ligand-Binding Assays | p. 354 |
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (Synthetic Antibodies) | p. 356 |
Surface Plasmon Resonance Methods | p. 358 |
Chromatography-Ligand-Binding Assay Coupled Methods, Immunoaffinity Systems, and Online (Flow-Injection) Ligand-Binding Assay Methods | p. 362 |
Future Trends and Directions for LBA Technologies | p. 365 |
Conclusions | p. 366 |
Acknowledgment | p. 366 |
References | p. 366 |
Index | p. 381 |
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