Ligand-Binding Assays Development, Validation, and Implementation in the Drug Development Arena

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2009-11-23
Publisher(s): Wiley
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Summary

With increasing use of ligand-binding assays (LBAs) in the pharmaceutical industry, the need to critically evaluate technical and regulatory issues related to the use of these technologies has increased greatly. This book fills that void and provides a reference text covering critical aspects of the development, validation, and implementation of LBAs in the drug development field. It includes: immunochemistry and protein chemistry, method development, validation, statistics, software, regulatory issues, and applications to immunogenicity and biomarkers. This is a key resource for bioanalytical personnel, laboratory analysts, and clinical and regulatory pharmacologists.

Author Biography

Massod N. Khan, PHD, received his PhD from Aligarh Muslim University, India, and did postdoctoral research at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, in immunology and cell biology. He subsequently moved to McGill University, Montreal, Canada, and served as assistant professor in the Department of Medicine. In 1988, he established and successfully directed the Ligand-Binding Assay Bioanalytical (LBAB) Department at Phoenix International Life Sciences (currently MDS Life Sciences), Montreal. Dr. Khan is a founding member of the LBAB Focus Group at AAPS and has coauthored authoritative reviews on validation of LBA and biomarker assays. He has over 100 publications and presentations to his credit. He is currently the Chief Scientist at GLP Solutions Inc. in Rockville, Maryland. John W. A. Findlay, PHD, earned his PhD from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, and did postdoctoral work in organic and medicinal chemistry at the University of Virginia. He has extensive experience in successful drug development with several major pharmaceutical companies, particularly in the areas of bioanalysis and drug disposition. Dr. Findlay was a participant in the first AAPS/FDA workshop on bioanalytical method validation in 1990 and in subsequent AAPS/FDA workshops on this topic, as well as a coauthor of a guiding review article in this field published in 2000. Dr. Findlay has coauthored more than 140 original papers, reviews, book chapters, patents, and abstracts. He is currently a Senior Director in Clinical Pharmacology at Gilead Sciences in Durham, North Carolina.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xi
Contributorsp. xv
Ligand-Binding Assays in Drug Development: Introduction and Historical Perspectivep. 1
Generalp. 1
Historical Reviewp. 2
LBAs for Macromoleculesp. 3
Advantages and Limitations of LBAsp. 4
Ligand-Binding Assay Bioanalytical Focus Group of AAPSp. 4
Scope of the Present Volumep. 8
Referencesp. 11
Ligand-Binding Assays to Support Disposition Studies of Macromolecular Therapeuticsp. 15
Introductionp. 15
Differences Between Low Molecular Weight Molecules and Macromoleculesp. 16
LBA Assay Considerations Relative to Research and Development Stagep. 23
Critical Future Challenges for Ligand-Binding Assaysp. 30
Conclusionsp. 32
Referencesp. 32
Development of Ligand-Binding Assays for Drug Development Supportp. 39
Introductionp. 39
Inherent Complexities of Immunoassay Developmentp. 42
Steps in the Development of a Validatable Immunoassayp. 45
Development and Optimization of an Immunoassayp. 58
Optimization of Commercial Kit-Based Assaysp. 70
Troubleshooting Immunoassaysp. 70
Conclusionsp. 75
Acknowledgmentsp. 76
Referencesp. 76
Validation of Ligand-Binding Assays to Support Pharmacokinetic Assessments of Biotherapeuticsp. 81
Introductionp. 81
Assay Development and Validation Paradigmp. 83
Prestudy Validation Phasep. 84
Analytical Performance Characteristicsp. 85
In-Study Validation Phasep. 105
Partial Validations/Method Transfer/Cross-Validationp. 107
Documentationp. 108
Conclusionsp. 108
Referencesp. 109
Statistical Considerations in the Validation of Ligand-Binding Assaysp. 111
Introductionp. 111
Objectives of Assay Validationp. 113
Validation Criteriap. 115
Estimating Assay Performance Characteristicsp. 119
Decision Rules and Risk Assessment in Prestudy Validationp. 122
Decision Rules During In-Study Phase and Associated Risksp. 123
Reconciling Validation and Routine Decision Rulesp. 124
Conclusionsp. 126
Referencesp. 126
Development and Validation of Ligand-Binding Assays for Biomarkersp. 129
Introductionp. 129
Preanalytical Considerations and Method Feasibilityp. 134
Method Development and Method Qualification for Exploratory Applicationsp. 142
Method Development and Method Validation for Advanced Applicationsp. 151
Partial Validation for Change Controlp. 154
Documentation, Record Keeping, and Reportingp. 154
Regulatory Issuesp. 155
In-study Validationp. 156
Conclusionsp. 157
Acknowledgmentsp. 158
Referencesp. 158
The Use of Commercial Assay Kits for PK/PD Analysis in Drug Developmentp. 163
Introductionp. 163
Validation Definitions That May be Interpreted Inconsistentlyp. 166
Validation Experimentsp. 168
Stabilityp. 180
Reoptimizing Reagent Concentrationsp. 184
The Use of Commercial Kits for PK and TK Assaysp. 186
Matrix Problemsp. 189
Changing Method Protocolp. 190
Conclusionsp. 191
Referencesp. 191
Development and Validation of Immunogenicity Assays for Preclinical and Clinical Studiesp. 193
Introductionp. 193
Immunogenicity Risk-Based Strategyp. 194
Regulatory Guidancep. 195
Assay Designp. 196
Optimization and Validation: Total Binding Antibody Assaysp. 204
Optimization and Validation: Neutralizing Antibody Assaysp. 213
Assays and Risk Assessmentp. 220
Application and Interpretation of Datap. 224
Conclusionsp. 225
Appendix 8.A Illustration of Screening Cut Point Evaluationp. 227
Referencesp. 234
Macromolecular Reference Standards for Biotherapeutic Pharmacokinetic Analysisp. 239
Introductionp. 239
United States Pharmacopeiap. 241
Characterization of Non-USP Reference Standardsp. 245
The PK Assayp. 257
Conclusionsp. 262
Referencesp. 263
Strategies for Successful Transfer of Ligand-Binding Assays for Successful Validation and Implementation in GXP Environmentp. 265
Introductionp. 265
Establishing Successful Working Relationships Between Laboratoriesp. 267
Method Transferp. 272
Monitoring the Method Transfer Processp. 277
Auditing CROsp. 279
Method Troubleshootingp. 281
Secrets of Successful Method Transferp. 285
Acknowledgmentsp. 286
Referencesp. 286
Application of Automation in Ligand-Binding Assaysp. 287
Introductionp. 287
Implementing Automated Systemsp. 290
Specific Ligand-Binding Assay Automation Systemsp. 305
Automated Sample Dilutorsp. 307
Assay Robotsp. 317
Integration: Tying It All Togetherp. 323
Future Directions in Ligand-Binding Assay Automationp. 325
Conclusionp. 325
Acknowledgmentsp. 325
Referencesp. 326
Documentation and Regulatory Compliancep. 327
Regulatory Perspectives in the Documentation of Bioanalytical Data and Reportsp. 327
Recommendations for Development, Validation, Implementation, and Reporting Phasesp. 330
Conclusionsp. 340
Referencesp. 340
Alternative and Emerging Methodologies in Ligand-Binding Assaysp. 343
Introductionp. 343
Dissociation-Enhanced Lanthanide Fluoroimmunoassayp. 344
Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assayp. 346
Immuno-Polymerase Chain Reactionp. 348
Electrochemiluminescence-Based Ligand-Binding Assaysp. 350
Hybridization-Based Ligand-Binding Assaysp. 354
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (Synthetic Antibodies)p. 356
Surface Plasmon Resonance Methodsp. 358
Chromatography-Ligand-Binding Assay Coupled Methods, Immunoaffinity Systems, and Online (Flow-Injection) Ligand-Binding Assay Methodsp. 362
Future Trends and Directions for LBA Technologiesp. 365
Conclusionsp. 366
Acknowledgmentp. 366
Referencesp. 366
Indexp. 381
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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