
Lives Across Cultures: Cross-Cultural Human Development
by GARDINER & KOSMITZKI-
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Summary
Author Biography
Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, where he designed and taught courses in cross-cultural psychology, child development, humor in education, and international studies for twenty-seven years. His undergraduate degree is from American International College, in Springfield, Massachusetts; his M.A. is from the University of Hawaii; and his Ph.D. is from Manchester University in England. He has engaged in training, teaching, and research in Europe, Asia, and the United States and has traveled to more than seventy countries. Dr. Gardiner was a charter member of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, served as president of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research, and is a consulting editor for the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. In addition to publishing articles in a wide variety of journals and participating in national and international meetings, he has coauthored more than a dozen chapters on cross-cultural topics for other books.
Corinne Kosmitzki.
Dr. KosmitzkiI was born and raised in Germany. Her interest in the lives of people led her to study clinical and counseling psychology at the Universität Münster. She earned her Ph.D. in psychology at the University of California at Berkeley. As an international student, she experienced many of the challenges discussed in this book. She has been able to share these experiences with other international students in workshops and seminars held at various universities. After being an active teacher and researcher at universities in Virginia, New Jersey, and Texas, she has returned to California. At the University of California at Berkeley, she continues to work with students and faculty from many different cultural and national backgrounds. Her travel has taken her to most of Western and Eastern Europe and North America
Table of Contents
Foreword | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xvii |
About the Authors | p. xxiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
What Is Cross-Cultural Human Development? | p. 3 |
Cross-Cultural Human Development and the Other Social Sciences | p. 6 |
Some Important Themes | p. 7 |
A Cross-Cultural Perspective | p. 7 |
Goals for the Field | p. 8 |
An Ecological Model | p. 12 |
The Developmental Niche | p. 14 |
A Developmental Orientation | p. 14 |
A Chronological-Within-Topics Approach | p. 15 |
Another Piece of the Developmental Puzzle: The Human Genome | p. 15 |
Practical Applications | p. 17 |
Overview of the Book | p. 18 |
Some Cross-Cultural Teasers | p. 18 |
Summary | p. 19 |
Study Questions | p. 20 |
Further Readings | p. 20 |
Theories and Methodology | p. 21 |
Theories of Development | p. 22 |
What Is a Theory? | p. 22 |
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model | p. 23 |
Super and Harkness's Developmental Niche | p. 29 |
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development | p. 35 |
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Development | p. 38 |
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory | p. 39 |
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development | p. 41 |
Methodology in Cross-Cultural Human Development | p. 42 |
Studying Development Cross-Culturally: Some Methods, Problems, and Solutions | p. 43 |
Methods for Assessing Components of the Developmental Niche | p. 47 |
Studying Ecological Systems | p. 50 |
Summary | p. 51 |
Study Questions | p. 52 |
Further Readings | p. 52 |
Developmental Analysis | p. 53 |
Culture and Socialization | p. 54 |
Ecological Context | p. 55 |
What is Socialization? | p. 55 |
Ecological Model and the Developmental Niche | p. 57 |
Some Cultural Variations in the Socialization of Behavior | p. 60 |
Pregnancy, Prenatal Development, and Birth | p. 60 |
Infancy | p. 61 |
Sleep | p. 61 |
Crying | p. 68 |
Childhood | p. 68 |
Formal Versus Informal Learning | p. 69 |
Adolescence | p. 72 |
Rites of Passage | p. 73 |
Adulthood | p. 76 |
Late Adulthood | p. 78 |
Cultural Views of Aging | p. 78 |
Summary | p. 79 |
Study Questions | p. 80 |
Further Readings | p. 80 |
Developmental Analysis | p. 81 |
The Family In Cultural Context | p. 83 |
Ecological Context | p. 84 |
Cultural Variations in the Family Life Cycle | p. 84 |
Mate Selection | p. 84 |
Marriage and Other Long-Term Relationships | p. 86 |
The Birth Process Across Cultures | p. 90 |
The Ecology of Birth | p. 91 |
The Transition to Parenthood | p. 95 |
Infancy and Childhood | p. 95 |
Parental Belief Systems | p. 96 |
Mothering | p. 99 |
Fathering | p. 101 |
Adolescence | p. 103 |
The Ecological Model and Adolescence | p. 104 |
Cross-Cultural Differences in Adolescent Peer Relationships | p. 105 |
Adulthood and Aging | p. 107 |
Grandparenthood | p. 107 |
Caring for the Elderly | p. 113 |
The Changing Context of Families | p. 116 |
Summary | p. 117 |
Study Questions | p. 117 |
Further Readings | p. 118 |
Developmental Analysis | p. 119 |
Culture, Language, and Cognition | p. 121 |
Ecological Context: The Language-Cognition-Culture Link | p. 122 |
Infancy | p. 125 |
Early Cognitive Development in Cultural Contexts | p. 125 |
Language Acquisition | p. 126 |
Early Second-Language Acquisition and Bilingualism | p. 128 |
Childhood | p. 131 |
Stages of Knowing and Learning | p. 132 |
Language Skills and Language Socialization | p. 134 |
Adolescence | p. 137 |
Formal Operational Thinking | p. 137 |
Adulthood | p. 139 |
Reasoning and Decision making | p. 139 |
Late Adulthood | p. 141 |
Intelligence and Cognitive Aging | p. 141 |
Language and Communication in Later Life | p. 144 |
Summary | p. 145 |
Study Questions | p. 146 |
Further Readings | p. 147 |
Developmental Analysis | p. 147 |
Culture, Self, and Personality | p. 149 |
Ecological Context: Temperament, Personality, and Self | p. 150 |
Temperament and Heritability of Traits | p. 150 |
The Self: Some Cultural Perspectives | p. 151 |
Infancy | p. 156 |
Temperament, Ecological Systems, and the Developmental Niche | p. 156 |
Temperament and "Goodness of Fit" | p. 157 |
Childhood | p. 160 |
The Emerging Self-Concept | p. 160 |
Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy | p. 162 |
Adolescence | p. 164 |
Identity Formation | p. 165 |
Social Identity Formation | p. 167 |
Adulthood | p. 169 |
A Time of Stability and Change | p. 169 |
Late Adulthood | p. 172 |
Personality Changes in Senescence or Illness | p. 172 |
The "Aging" Self | p. 173 |
Summary | p. 174 |
Study Questions | p. 174 |
Further Readings | p. 175 |
Developmental Analysis | p. 175 |
Culture and Social Behavior | p. 177 |
Ecological Context | p. 178 |
Infancy | p. 178 |
Child-Caretaker Relationships and Attachment Patterns | p. 178 |
The Secure-Base Hypothesis | p. 180 |
The Sensitivity Hypothesis | p. 182 |
Moderators of Attachment and Social Development | p. 183 |
Childhood | p. 184 |
Peer Culture and Social Relationships | p. 184 |
Moral Development and Prosocial Orientation | p. 187 |
Cultural Influences on Caring and Justice Orientation | p. 188 |
Aggression | p. 190 |
Adolescence | p. 194 |
Family and Peer Influences on Adolescent Social Behavior | p. 194 |
Cultural Influences on Adolescent Social Behavior | p. 196 |
Adulthood | p. 198 |
Work and Leisure in Middle Adulthood | p. 198 |
Sport as a Social Phenomenon | p. 199 |
Late Adulthood | p. 202 |
Attachment, Social Support, and Well-Being in Later Adulthood | p. 202 |
Summary | p. 203 |
Study Questions | p. 204 |
Further Readings | p. 204 |
Developmental Analysis | p. 205 |
Culture and Issues of Gender and Sexuality | p. 207 |
Ecological Context: Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Differences | p. 208 |
Biological Perspectives | p. 208 |
Evolutionary Perspectives | p. 209 |
Socialization and Learning Perspectives | p. 210 |
Infancy | p. 212 |
Sex Preference and Sex Ratio at Birth | p. 213 |
Childhood | p. 214 |
Gender Socialization | p. 214 |
Cultural Influences on Female and Male Socialization | p. 217 |
Gender Relationships in Childhood | p. 222 |
Adolescence | p. 223 |
Markers of Sexual Maturation | p. 223 |
Gender, Sexuality, and Cultural Taboos | p. 224 |
Adulthood | p. 227 |
Status and the Division of Labor Within the Family | p. 227 |
Division of Labor in the Workforce | p. 228 |
Gender Relations in Social Status and Public Policy | p. 230 |
Later Adulthood | p. 231 |
The Experience of Menopause | p. 231 |
Divorce and Widowhood | p. 232 |
Gender Roles and Status in Old Age | p. 233 |
Summary | p. 235 |
Study Questions | p. 235 |
Further Readings | p. 235 |
Developmental Analysis | p. 237 |
Culture, Health, and Illness | p. 239 |
Ecological Context: Cultural Concepts of Health and Healing | p. 240 |
Culture-Bound Syndromes | p. 241 |
Medical Diagnosis Across Cultures | p. 241 |
Illness, Stress, and Coping | p. 246 |
Infancy | p. 248 |
Risks to Infant Health | p. 248 |
Childhood | p. 250 |
Childhood Obesity | p. 250 |
Childhood Mental Health | p. 251 |
Ecological Influences on Early Coping Behavior | p. 252 |
Adolescence | p. 253 |
Eating Disorders | p. 254 |
Culture and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) | p. 256 |
Adulthood | p. 257 |
Mental Health Issues | p. 257 |
Acculturation and Adaptation | p. 261 |
Later Adulthood | p. 262 |
Disease and Premature Aging | p. 263 |
Cultural Views on Dementia and Alzeimer's Disease | p. 263 |
Coping with Chronic Illness in Older Age | p. 265 |
The "Good" Death | p. 266 |
Summary | p. 267 |
Study Questions | p. 268 |
Further Readings | p. 268 |
Developmental Analysis | p. 269 |
Future Trends and Applications | p. 271 |
Looking Back: A Review of Major Themes and Theories | p. 272 |
Ecological Model | p. 272 |
Developmental Niche | p. 274 |
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory | p. 274 |
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory | p. 275 |
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development | p. 276 |
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development | p. 277 |
Where Do We Go from Here? | p. 279 |
Summary | p. 290 |
Study Questions | p. 291 |
Further Readings | p. 291 |
References | p. 292 |
Name Index | p. 327 |
Subject Index | p. 332 |
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