Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, 3rd Edition,9780471153689

Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, 3rd Edition

by
Edition: 3rd
ISBN13: 9780471153689
ISBN10: 0471153680
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1997-08-01
Publisher(s): Wiley
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Summary

This well-established text describes the principles, applications and design of the medical instrumentation most commonly used in hospitals. Because equipment changes with time, the authors stress fundamental principles of operation and general types of equipment. They avoid detailed descriptions and photographs of specific models. Design principles are emphasized so that a scientist with only some background in electronics can gain enough information to design instruments that may not be commercially available. Since biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field, the authors have provided varied healthcare industry applications for each type of instrument.

Table of Contents

Preface v(4)
List of Symbols ix
1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
1(43)
Walter H. Olson
1.1 Terminology of Medicine and Medical Devices
4(1)
1.2 Generalized Medical Instrumentation System
5(2)
1.3 Alternative Operational Modes
7(2)
1.4 Medical Measurement Constraints
9(3)
1.5 Classifications of Biomedical Instruments
12(1)
1.6 Interfering and Modifying Inputs
12(1)
1.7 Compensation Techniques
13(3)
1.8 Biostatistics
16(3)
1.9 Generalized Static Characteristics
19(6)
1.10 Generalized Dynamic Characteristics
25(10)
1.11 Design Criteria
35(1)
1.12 Commercial Medical Instrumentation Development Process
35(3)
1.13 Regulation of Medical Devices
38(1)
Problems
39(3)
References
42(2)
2 BASIC SENSORS AND PRINCIPLES
44(45)
Robert A. Peura
John G. Webster
2.1 Displacement Measurements
44(1)
2.2 Resistive Sensors
45(6)
2.3 Bridge Circuits
51(2)
2.4 Inductive Sensors
53(2)
2.5 Capacitive Sensors
55(2)
2.6 Piezoelectric Sensors
57(4)
2.7 Temperature Measurements
61(1)
2.8 Thermocouples
62(2)
2.9 Thermistors
64(3)
2.10 Radiation Thermometry
67(5)
2.11 Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensors
72(1)
2.12 Optical Measurements
72(1)
2.13 Radiation Sources
73(5)
2.14 Geometrical and Fiber Optics
78(2)
2.15 Optical Filters
80(1)
2.16 Radiation Sensors
81(3)
2.17 Optical Combinations
84(1)
Problems
85(2)
References
87(2)
3 AMPLIFIERS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
89(32)
John G. Webster
3.1 Ideal Op Amps
89(2)
3.2 Inverting Amplifiers
91(3)
3.3 Noninverting Amplifiers
94(1)
3.4 Differential Amplifiers
95(3)
3.5 Comparators
98(2)
3.6 Rectifiers
100(1)
3.7 Logarithmic Amplifiers
101(1)
3.8 Integrators
102(3)
3.9 Differentiators
105(1)
3.10 Active Filters
106(2)
3.11 Frequency Response
108(2)
3.12 Offset Voltage
110(1)
3.13 Bias Current
111(2)
3.14 Input and Output Resistance
113(2)
3.15 Phase-Sensitive Demodulators
115(3)
3.16 Microcomputers in Medical Instrumentation
118(1)
Problems
118(2)
References
120(1)
4 THE ORIGIN OF BIOPOTENTIALS
121(62)
John W. Clark, Jr.
4.1 Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells
121(8)
4.2 Volume Conductor Fields
129(4)
4.3 Functional Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System
132(2)
4.4 The Electroneurogram (ENG)
134(4)
4.5 The Electromyogram (EMG)
138(1)
4.6 The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
139(12)
4.7 The Electroretinogram (ERG)
151(5)
4.8 The Electroencephalogram (EEG)
156(19)
4.9 The Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)
175(1)
Problems
176(4)
References
180(3)
5 BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
183(50)
Michael R. Neuman
5.1 The Electrode-Electrolyte Interface
183(3)
5.2 Polarization
186(3)
5.3 Polarizable and Nonpolarizable Electrodes
189(5)
5.4 Electrode Behavior and Circuit Models
194(2)
5.5 The Electrode-Skin Interface and Motion Artifact
196(4)
5.6 Body-Surface Recording Electrodes
200(6)
5.7 Internal Electrodes
206(5)
5.8 Electrode Arrays
211(2)
5.9 Microelectrodes
213(9)
5.10 Electrodes for Electric Stimulation of Tissue
222(3)
5.11 Practical Hints in Using Electrodes
225(1)
Problems
226(4)
References
230(3)
6 BIOPOTENTIAL AMPLIFIERS
233(54)
Michael R. Neuman
6.1 Basic Requirements
233(2)
6.2 The Electrocardiograph
235(10)
6.3 Problems Frequently Encountered
245(8)
6.4 Transient Protection
253(2)
6.5 Common-Mode and Other Interference-Reduction Circuits
255(3)
6.6 Amplifiers for Other Biopotential Signals
258(4)
6.7 Example of a Biopotential Preamplifier
262(2)
6.8 Other Biopotential Signal Processors
264(9)
6.9 Cardiac Monitors
273(4)
6.10 Biotelemetry
277(4)
Problems
281(4)
References
285(2)
7 BLOOD PRESSURE AND SOUND
287(45)
Robert A. Peura
7.1 Direct Measurements
289(5)
7.2 Harmonic Analysis of Blood-Pressure Waveforms
294(1)
7.3 Dynamic Properties of Pressure-Measurement Systems
295(7)
7.4 Measurement of System Response
302(1)
7.5 Effects of System Parameters on Response
303(2)
7.6 Bandwidth Requirements for Measuring Blood Pressure
305(1)
7.7 Typical Pressure-Waveform Distortion
305(2)
7.8 Systems for Measuring Venous Pressure
307(1)
7.9 Heart Sounds
308(4)
7.10 Phonocardiography
312(1)
7.11 Cardiac Catheterization
312(4)
7.12 Effects of Potential and Kinetic Energy on Pressure Measurements
316(1)
7.13 Indirect Measurements of Blood Pressure
317(7)
7.14 Tonometry
324(4)
Problems
328(1)
References
329(3)
8 MEASUREMENT OF FLOW AND VOLUME OF BLOOD
332(40)
John G. Webster
8.1 Indicator-Dilution Method That Uses Continuous Infusion
332(3)
8.2 Indicator-Dilution Method That Uses Rapid Injection
335(3)
8.3 Electromagnetic Flowmeters
338(6)
8.4 Ultrasonic Flowmeters
344(11)
8.5 Thermal-Convection Velocity Sensors
355(2)
8.6 Chamber Plethysmography
357(2)
8.7 Electric-Impedance Plethysmography
359(7)
8.8 Photoplethysmography
366(2)
Problems
368(1)
References
369(3)
9 MEASUREMENTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
372(68)
Frank P. Primiano, Jr.
9.1 Modeling the Respiratory System
373(7)
9.2 Measurement of Pressure
380(2)
9.3 Measurement of Gas-Flow Rate
382(8)
9.4 Lung Volume
390(9)
9.5 Respiratory Plethysmography
399(7)
9.6 Some Tests of Respiratory Mechanics
406(11)
9.7 Measurement of Gas Concentration
417(10)
9.8 Some Tests of Gas Transport
427(7)
Problems
434(3)
References
437(3)
10 CHEMICAL BIOSENSORS
440(46)
Robert A. Peura
10.1 Blood-Gas and Acid-Base Physiology
442(2)
10.2 Electrochemical Sensors
444(6)
10.3 Chemical Fibrosensors
450(16)
10.4 Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET)
466(2)
10.5 Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (IMFET)
468(1)
10.6 Noninvasive Blood-Gas Monitoring
469(8)
10.7 Blood-Glucose Sensors
477(5)
10.8 Summary
482(1)
Problems
482(1)
References
483(3)
11 CLINICAL LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION
486(32)
Lawrence A. Wheeler
11.1 Spectrophotometry
487(8)
11.2 Automated Chemical Analyzers
495(7)
11.3 Chromatology
502(3)
11.4 Electrophoresis
505(2)
11.5 Hematology
507(8)
Problems
515(1)
References
516(2)
12 MEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS
518(59)
Melvin P. Siedband
12.1 Information Content of an Image
518(7)
12.2 Modulation Transfer Function
525(2)
12.3 Noise-Equivalent Bandwidth
527(1)
12.4 Photography
527(3)
12.5 Television Systems
530(2)
12.6 Radiography
532(8)
12.7 Computed Radiography
540(3)
12.8 Computed Tomography
543(8)
12.9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
551(4)
12.10 Nuclear Medicine
555(6)
12.11 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
561(1)
12.12 Positron Emission Tomography
562(3)
12.13 Ultrasonography
565(8)
Problems
573(3)
References
576(1)
13 THERAPEUTIC AND PROSTHETIC DEVICES
577(46)
Michael R. Neuman
13.1 Cardiac Pacemakers and Other Electric Stimulators
577(14)
13.2 Defibrillators and Cardioverters
591(6)
13.3 Mechanical Cardiovascular Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices
597(3)
13.4 Hemodialysis
600(2)
13.5 Lithotripsy
602(2)
13.6 Ventilators
604(3)
13.7 Infant Incubators
607(2)
13.8 Drug Delivery Devices
609(4)
13.9 Surgical Instruments
613(4)
13.10 Therapeutic Applications of the Laser
617(1)
Problems
618(2)
References
620(3)
14 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
623(36)
Walter H. Olson
14.1 Physiological Effects of Electricity
624(2)
14.2 Important Susceptibility Parameters
626(4)
14.3 Distribution of Electric Power
630(4)
14.4 Macroshock Hazards
634(2)
14.5 Microshock Hazards
636(4)
14.6 Electrical-Safety Codes and Standards
640(2)
14.7 Basic Approaches to Protection Against Shock
642(1)
14.8 Protection: Power Distribution
643(3)
14.9 Protection: Equipment Design
646(3)
14.10 Electrical-Safety Analyzers
649(1)
14.11 Testing the Electric System
650(4)
14.12 Tests of Electric Appliances
654(2)
Problems
656(2)
References
658(1)
APPENDIX 659(8)
A.1 Physical Constants 659(1)
A.2 SI Prefixes 659(1)
A.3 SI Units 660(1)
References 660(1)
A.4 Abbreviations 661(3)
A.5 Chemical Elements 664(3)
INDEX 667

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