Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy, 3rd Edition
by Thomas V. Cech (Colorado State University)Edition: 3rd
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2009-08-01
Publisher(s): Wiley
Other versions by this Author
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Summary
With all new and updated material, the third edition provides civil engineers with a complete history of water availability. It also delves into government development, management, and policy of water usage. New information is included on international water issues, water measurement, and telemetry. Additional details are also presented on global warming and its impact on water resources. In addition, environmental engineers will gain a current understanding of the field through updated case studies and images that make the material more relevant.
Table of Contents
| About the Author | p. vii |
| Preface | p. ix |
| Book Companion Website | p. xxiii |
| A Note to the Student | p. xxv |
| Historical Perspective of Water use and Development | p. 1 |
| Drinking Water for Early Civilizations | p. 1 |
| Early Irrigation and Flood-Control Projects | p. 6 |
| Egypt | p. 6 |
| China | p. 6 |
| The Middle East | p. 8 |
| India, Spain, Portugal, and South America | p. 9 |
| North America | p. 9 |
| Early Water Transportation Development | p. 13 |
| Egypt and Greece | p. 13 |
| China | p. 13 |
| Europe | p. 14 |
| United States | p. 15 |
| Early Hydropower Development | p. 18 |
| The Hydrologic Cycle, Climate, and Weather | p. 24 |
| The Properties of Water | p. 25 |
| The Hydrologic Cycle | p. 27 |
| Precipitation | p. 27 |
| Measuring Precipitation | p. 29 |
| Runoff | p. 32 |
| Surface and Groundwater Storage | p. 33 |
| Lakes and Reservoirs | p. 33 |
| Case Study Great Salt Lake of Utah | p. 35 |
| Case Study The Aral Sea of Uzbekistan | p. 35 |
| Wetlands | p. 36 |
| Groundwater | p. 37 |
| Evaporation | p. 38 |
| Condensation | p. 41 |
| Guest Essay Fog Harvesting by Dr. Robert S. Schemenauer | p. 41 |
| Climate and Weather | p. 46 |
| Overview | p. 46 |
| Climate | p. 46 |
| Air Currents | p. 46 |
| Ocean Currents | p. 48 |
| Tilt of the Earth's Axis | p. 49 |
| Monitoring Climate Change | p. 50 |
| Urban Microclimates | p. 51 |
| Guest Essay Urbanization and Its Effects on Key Atmospheric and Surface Water Cycles by Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd | p. 51 |
| Processes | p. 51 |
| Weather | p. 55 |
| Temperature | p. 55 |
| Air Pressure | p. 56 |
| Humidity | p. 57 |
| Heating | p. 58 |
| Wind Speed and Direction | p. 62 |
| Weather Modification | p. 63 |
| Floods | p. 64 |
| Drought | p. 66 |
| Surface Water Hydrology | p. 74 |
| What Is Surface Water Hydrology? | p. 75 |
| Watersheds | p. 75 |
| Delineating a Watershed | p. 75 |
| Overland Flow | p. 78 |
| Rivers | p. 79 |
| Components of a River | p. 79 |
| River Morphology | p. 79 |
| Types of Rivers | p. 82 |
| Gradient | p. 83 |
| Lakes | p. 83 |
| Types of Lakes | p. 84 |
| Ecological Zones | p. 84 |
| Thermal Cycles | p. 85 |
| Seiches | p. 86 |
| Water Measurement | p. 86 |
| Overland Flow | p. 87 |
| River Discharge | p. 87 |
| Water Storage in Lakes and Reservoirs | p. 90 |
| Flood Events | p. 91 |
| Flood Frequency | p. 92 |
| Probable Maximum Precipitation | p. 93 |
| Probable Maximum Flood | p. 93 |
| Guest Essay GIS and Flooding by Jake Freier | p. 94 |
| Transport and Deposition | p. 97 |
| Velocity | p. 98 |
| Sediment Load | p. 98 |
| Groundwater Hydrology | p. 104 |
| What Is Groundwater? | p. 105 |
| What Is Groundwater Hydrology? | p. 106 |
| The Geology of Groundwater | p. 107 |
| Sedimentary Rocks | p. 107 |
| Guest Essay Sinkholes by Carlos Herd | p. 108 |
| Glaciated Terrain | p. 111 |
| Alluvial Valleys | p. 113 |
| Tectonic Activity | p. 113 |
| Groundwater Recharge | p. 114 |
| Aquifers | p. 115 |
| Aquifer Types | p. 116 |
| Properties of Aquifers | p. 119 |
| Groundwater Movement | p. 121 |
| Age of Groundwater | p. 126 |
| Locating and Mapping Groundwater | p. 127 |
| Drilling a Groundwater Well | p. 129 |
| Water Quality | p. 137 |
| Water Pollution | p. 137 |
| Point Source and Nonpoint Source Pollution | p. 139 |
| Point Source Pollution | p. 139 |
| Nonpoint Source Pollution | p. 142 |
| Basic Parameters of Water | p. 143 |
| Temperature | p. 143 |
| Dissolved Oxygen | p. 144 |
| pH | p. 144 |
| Turbidity | p. 146 |
| Hardness | p. 147 |
| Inorganic Chemicals | p. 147 |
| Metals | p. 148 |
| Lead | p. 148 |
| Arsenic | p. 149 |
| Minerals | p. 150 |
| Salt | p. 150 |
| Policy Issue | p. 150 |
| Fluoride | p. 152 |
| Selenium | p. 152 |
| Organic Chemicals | p. 153 |
| Natural Organic Chemicals | p. 153 |
| Synthetic Organic Compounds | p. 153 |
| Pesticides | p. 155 |
| Nutrients | p. 157 |
| Nitrogen | p. 157 |
| Phosphorus | p. 158 |
| The Nitrogen Cycle | p. 159 |
| Nitrogen Fixation | p. 160 |
| Mineralization/Ammonification | p. 160 |
| Nitrification | p. 160 |
| Denitrification | p. 161 |
| The Phosphorus Cycle | p. 161 |
| Eutrophication | p. 162 |
| Waterborne Diseases | p. 162 |
| Historical Problems | p. 162 |
| Microorganisms | p. 164 |
| Indicator Organisms | p. 164 |
| Other Waterborne Organisms | p. 165 |
| Water Quality Management | p. 167 |
| Fate and Transport | p. 167 |
| Fate and Transport in Surface Water | p. 167 |
| Fate and Transport in Groundwater | p. 167 |
| Guest Essay Managing Data for a Groundwater Restoration Project by Dr. Curt Elmore | p. 169 |
| Wellhead Protection Programs | p. 171 |
| Organization | p. 171 |
| Delineation | p. 171 |
| Contamination Source Inventory | p. 173 |
| Source Management | p. 173 |
| Contingency Planning | p. 173 |
| Watershed Protection Programs | p. 173 |
| Total Maximum Daily Loads | p. 174 |
| Guest Essay Lake Okeechobee TMDLs by Dr. David Radcliffe and Dr. Todd Rasmussen | p. 175 |
| Water Sampling | p. 177 |
| Municipal and Irrigation Water Development | p. 185 |
| Municipal Water Systems | p. 186 |
| Case Study Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | p. 187 |
| Case Study Lincoln Water System | p. 191 |
| Case Study New York City Department of Environmental Protection | p. 193 |
| Guest Study Construction of City Tunnel #3 by Eileen M. Schnock | p. 196 |
| Irrigation | p. 202 |
| Historical Perspective | p. 202 |
| The need for Irrigation | p. 202 |
| Irrigation Techniques | p. 205 |
| Gravity Irrigation | p. 206 |
| Sprinkler Irrigation | p. 210 |
| Drip Irrigation | p. 213 |
| Dams | p. 217 |
| Dam Basics | p. 217 |
| Purposes of Dams | p. 217 |
| Components of Dams | p. 218 |
| Types of Dams | p. 219 |
| Dam Operations | p. 221 |
| Case Study Hoover Dam and Lake Mead, Nevada/Arizona | p. 223 |
| Case Study Kingsley Dam and Lake McConaughy, Nebraska | p. 227 |
| Case Study Grand Coulee Dam and Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Washington State | p. 231 |
| Cost-Benefit Analysis | p. 234 |
| Impacts of Dams | p. 235 |
| Guest Essay Forced Urbanization: The Three Gorges Dam Relocation Process by Colin Flahive | p. 237 |
| Dams and Locks for Navigation | p. 240 |
| Guest Essay Navigation on the Tennessee River by Ted Nelson | p. 242 |
| Water Allocation Law | p. 249 |
| Ancient Water Allocation Law | p. 250 |
| Code of Hammurabi | p. 250 |
| Justinian Code | p. 251 |
| Ancient Riparian Doctrine | p. 251 |
| Water Allocation Law: 1200-1799 | p. 252 |
| Spanish Water Law | p. 252 |
| First Possession | p. 254 |
| English Common Law: 1200-1799 | p. 255 |
| Mill Acts of the Eastern United States | p. 255 |
| Water Allocation Law: 1800-1847 | p. 258 |
| Code Napoléon | p. 258 |
| Riparian Doctrine: 1800-1847 | p. 258 |
| Tyler v. Wilkinson | p. 259 |
| Water Allocation Law in the Western United States: 1800-1847 | p. 260 |
| Water Allocation Law: 1848-1899 | p. 262 |
| Riparian Doctrine | p. 262 |
| Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1848-1899 | p. 262 |
| The California Gold Rush | p. 264 |
| The Colorado Gold Rush | p. 267 |
| Water Allocation Law: 1900-Present | p. 272 |
| Riparian Doctrine | p. 272 |
| Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1900-Present | p. 274 |
| Interstate River Compacts | p. 277 |
| Selected River Compacts | p. 277 |
| Colorado River Compact of 1922 | p. 277 |
| Niagara River Water Diversion Treaty of 1950 | p. 281 |
| Delaware River Compact of 1961 | p. 281 |
| Groundwater Allocation Law | p. 282 |
| Historical Perspective | p. 282 |
| Role of the Federal Government | p. 283 |
| Legal Properties of Groundwater | p. 284 |
| Federal Reserved Water Rights | p. 286 |
| Guest Essay Stream Subflow and Water Rights by John Regan | p. 287 |
| Federal Water Agencies | p. 294 |
| U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) | p. 295 |
| Overview | p. 295 |
| Brief History and Duties | p. 295 |
| Navigation Duties | p. 296 |
| Flood-Control Duties | p. 300 |
| Wetlands Protection Duties | p. 303 |
| U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) | p. 306 |
| Overview | p. 306 |
| Brief History | p. 307 |
| National Irrigation Congresses | p. 308 |
| The Reclamation Act of 1902 | p. 309 |
| The Anti-Dam Construction Era | p. 310 |
| U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) | p. 312 |
| Overview | p. 312 |
| Brief History | p. 313 |
| U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | p. 316 |
| Overview | p. 316 |
| Brief History | p. 316 |
| U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) | p. 320 |
| Overview | p. 320 |
| Brief History | p. 320 |
| National Park Service (NPS) | p. 322 |
| Overview | p. 322 |
| Brief History | p. 322 |
| Bureau of Land Management (BLM) | p. 324 |
| Overview | p. 324 |
| Brief History | p. 324 |
| Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | p. 325 |
| Overview | p. 325 |
| Brief History | p. 326 |
| U.S. Forest Service (USFS) | p. 326 |
| Overview | p. 326 |
| Brief History | p. 326 |
| Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) | p. 327 |
| Overview and Brief History | p. 327 |
| National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) | p. 329 |
| Overview and Brief History | p. 329 |
| Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) | p. 329 |
| Overview and Brief History | p. 329 |
| Local, Regional, State, and Multistate Water Management Agencies | p. 338 |
| Local Water Agencies | p. 338 |
| Municipal Water Departments | p. 338 |
| Historical Overview | p. 339 |
| Water and Sewer Districts | p. 341 |
| Overview | p. 341 |
| Example: Highline Water District, Kent, Washington | p. 341 |
| Levee and Flood-Control Districts | p. 342 |
| Historical Overview | p. 342 |
| Levee Districts | p. 342 |
| Flood-Control Districts | p. 345 |
| Example: Pima County Regional Flood Control District, Tucson, Arizona | p. 345 |
| Mutual Ditch and Irrigation Companies | p. 346 |
| Historical Overview | p. 346 |
| Regional Water Agencies | p. 348 |
| Overview | p. 348 |
| Irrigation Districts | p. 348 |
| Example: Farwell Irrigation District, Farwell, Nebraska | p. 348 |
| Conservancy/Conservation Districts | p. 349 |
| Example: Miami Conservancy District, Dayton, Ohio | p. 350 |
| Natural Resources Districts-Nebraska | p. 350 |
| Example: Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, Omaha, Nebraska | p. 351 |
| Groundwater Management Districts-Kansas | p. 352 |
| Example: Northwest Kansas Groundwater Management District No. 4, Colby, Kansas | p. 353 |
| Water Management Districts-Florida | p. 353 |
| State Water Agencies | p. 355 |
| State of Arizona Water Agencies | p. 355 |
| State of Rhode Island Water Agencies | p. 356 |
| Multistate Water Agencies | p. 357 |
| Chesapeake Bay Commission | p. 357 |
| Missouri River Basin Association | p. 357 |
| Water Management in Mexico and Canada | p. 359 |
| Overview | p. 359 |
| Guest Essay Water Management in Mexico by Dr. Alvaro A. Aldama | p. 360 |
| Guest Essay Water Management in Canada: The Inter-Jurisdictional Context by Ralph L. Pentland | p. 366 |
| Careers | p. 371 |
| Drinking-Water and Wastewater Treatment | p. 374 |
| Historical Perspective on Drinking-Water Treatment | p. 374 |
| Guest Essay Water Desalination in the Middle East: One of the Realistic Options by Dr. Fares M. Howari | p. 380 |
| Federal Protection of Drinking Water in the United States | p. 383 |
| Drinking-Water Treatment Process | p. 384 |
| Protection of Water Quality | p. 384 |
| Intakes for Raw Water | p. 385 |
| Case Study Department of Water Management, City of Chicago, Illinois | p. 386 |
| Pretreatment of Drinking Water | p. 388 |
| Flocculation/Coagulation | p. 388 |
| Filtration | p. 388 |
| Case Study Sewerage and Water Board, City of New Orleans, Louisiana | p. 389 |
| Final Drinking-Water Treatment | p. 390 |
| Distribution System | p. 390 |
| Historical Perspective on Wastewater Treatment | p. 393 |
| Wastewater Treatment Process | p. 396 |
| Primary Treatment | p. 396 |
| Secondary Treatment | p. 397 |
| Tertiary Treatment | p. 398 |
| Nutrient Removal | p. 398 |
| Septic Tanks and Leach Fields | p. 399 |
| Wetlands and Water Treatment | p. 400 |
| Water, Fish, and Wildlife | p. 406 |
| Early Fish and Wildlife Protection | p. 406 |
| Fish and Wildlife Protection in the 20th Century | p. 407 |
| Wild and Scenic Rivers Act | p. 408 |
| National Environmental Policy Act | p. 410 |
| Endangered Species Act | p. 413 |
| Wetlands and Wildlife | p. 415 |
| Case Study Snail Darters and the Little Tennessee River | p. 421 |
| Case Study Whooping Cranes and the Platte River | p. 424 |
| Case Study Salmon and the Columbia River | p. 428 |
| Human-Environment Relationship | p. 434 |
| Guest Essay Careers in Fish and Wildlife Management by Larry Rogstad | p. 434 |
| The Economics of Water | p. 441 |
| Introduction | p. 441 |
| The Value of Water | p. 442 |
| Water as a Public versus a Private Good | p. 443 |
| Privatization | p. 444 |
| Water Affordability | p. 445 |
| Water Marketing | p. 446 |
| Surface Water Marketing | p. 446 |
| Groundwater Marketing | p. 449 |
| Water Banking | p. 450 |
| Pollution Fees and Credits | p. 451 |
| Environmental Values | p. 452 |
| Water Use Conflicts | p. 455 |
| Reasons for Water Use Conflicts | p. 455 |
| Texas | p. 457 |
| Guest Essay Water Planning in Texas by Connie Townsend | p. 458 |
| Alabama and Florida versus | |
| Georgia | p. 463 |
| Northern and Southern California | p. 468 |
| Canada | p. 469 |
| The Middle East | p. 470 |
| Religious/Political Background | p. 471 |
| Water Resources in the Middle East | p. 473 |
| West Bank Mountain Aquifer | p. 473 |
| Jordan River | p. 473 |
| Tigris and Euphrates Rivers | p. 475 |
| Tragedy of the Commons | p. 477 |
| Emerging Water Issues | p. 482 |
| Future Global Water Management Issues | p. 483 |
| Population | p. 483 |
| Lack of Wastewater Treatment | p. 483 |
| Environmental Degradation | p. 484 |
| "Business as Usual" | p. 485 |
| Future Global Water Management Solutions | p. 486 |
| Privatization of Water Treatment and Delivery | p. 486 |
| "Technology Saves the Day" | p. 487 |
| Groundwater Recharge | p. 487 |
| Water Conservation | p. 488 |
| Dam Construction | p. 489 |
| "Global Warming Floods the World" | p. 490 |
| Water Education | p. 490 |
| The Watercourse and International Project Wet | p. 490 |
| Water Education Foundation | p. 491 |
| Groundwater Foundation | p. 491 |
| American Ground Water Trust | p. 491 |
| Stockholm International Water Institute | p. 492 |
| The Need for Cooperation | p. 492 |
| The Human Factor | p. 492 |
| Ethics | p. 493 |
| The Power of the Individual | p. 494 |
| "Space Is the Answer" | p. 495 |
| Guest Essay Where Do We Go from Here? by Susan S. Seacrest | p. 496 |
| Conclusions | p. 499 |
| Appendix | |
| Reading Topographic Maps | p. 503 |
| Selected Environmental and Conservation Organizations | p. 504 |
| Ducks Unlimited | p. 504 |
| Environmental Defense Fund | p. 504 |
| National Audubon Society | p. 505 |
| National Wildlife Federation | p. 506 |
| Nature Conservancy | p. 506 |
| Nature Resources Defense Council | p. 506 |
| Sierra Club | p. 506 |
| Trout Unlimited | p. 507 |
| Wilderness Society | p. 507 |
| Photo and Illustration Credits | p. 509 |
| Glossary | p. 513 |
| Index | p. 527 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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