Skin Barrier,9780824758158

Skin Barrier

by ;
ISBN13: 9780824758158
ISBN10: 0824758153
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-09-22
Publisher(s): CRC Press
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Summary

Collecting pioneering studies from acknowledged leaders in the field of skin biology, this reference highlights the latest advances in our understanding of the structure, function, and physiology of the skin barrier--analyzing research on the regulation of skin barrier function for improved skin care and skin therapeutics.

Table of Contents

Preface iii
Contributors xv
PART I. INTRODUCTION
Stratum Corneum Barrier Function: Definitions and Broad Concepts
1(4)
Peter M. Elias
Kenneth R. Feingold
Why a Barrier and What Do We Mean by ``Barrier Function''?
1(1)
How Are the Various Barrier Functions Mediated?
1(1)
Evolving Concepts of the SC Barrier
2(3)
Defensive Functions of the Stratum Corneum: Integrative Aspects
5(10)
Peter M. Elias
Protective Functions Are Linked
5(3)
Multiple Defensive Functions Can Be Altered by a Single Stressor
8(3)
Perturbations of One Function Can Alter Other Defensive Functions
11(1)
References
12(3)
A Brief History of How the Dead Stratum Corneum Became Alive
15(10)
Albert M. Kligman
Coda
22(1)
References
23(2)
The Epidermal Permeability Barrier: From Saran® Wrap to Biosensor
25(8)
Peter M. Elias
Introduction
25(5)
References
30(3)
PART II. STRUCTURE OF THE STRATUM CORNEUM
Biochemistry of Human Stratum Corneum Lipids
33(10)
Philip W. Wertz
Composition of Human Stratum Corneum Lipids
33(4)
Biosynthetic Pathways
37(3)
References
40(3)
Stratum Corneum Ceramides: Function, Origins, and Therapeutic Applications
43(22)
Yoshikazu Uchida
Sumiko Hamanaka
Introduction
43(1)
What Is a Ceramide?
44(1)
Why Are Stratum Corneum Ceramides Unique?
45(3)
Generation of Stratum Corneum Ceramides
48(5)
Therapeutic Applications
53(5)
Summary
58(1)
References
58(7)
Structure of the Skin Barrier
65(32)
Joke A. Bouwstra
Gonneke S. K. Pilgram
Maria Ponec
Introduction
65(1)
Stratum Corneum Lipid Composition and Organization in Normal Skin
66(12)
Barrier Function in Human Skin Equivalents
78(3)
Relation Between Lipid Composition and Organization
81(4)
A Unique Molecular Arrangement in the Long Periodicity Phase
85(3)
Extrapolation of In Vitro Findings to the Lipid Composition and Organization in Diseased and in Xerotic Skin
88(1)
Conclusions
88(1)
References
89(8)
Cornified Envelope and Corneocyte-Lipid Envelope
97(14)
Peter J. Koch
Dennis R. Roop
Zhijian Zhou
Introduction
97(1)
The Life-Cycle of Keratinocytes and the Histo-Architecture of the Epidermis
98(2)
Formation of the CE and the CLE
100(5)
Conclusions and Future Directions
105(1)
References
106(5)
Profilaggrin and the Fused S100 Family of Calcium-Binding Proteins
111(30)
Richard B. Presland
Joseph A. Rothnagel
Owen T. Lawrence
Introduction
111(3)
Profilaggrin / Filaggrin
114(11)
Filaggrin-2: A Filaggrin-Related Protein
125(2)
Hornerin
127(1)
Trichohyalin
127(1)
Repetin
128(1)
C1ORF10 (Cornulin)
129(1)
Summary and Concluding Remarks
130(2)
References
132(9)
The Role of Keratins in Epithelial Homeostasis
141(30)
Thomas M. Magin
Julia Reichelt
Jian Chen
Introduction
141(1)
Keratin Complexity, Nomenclature, and Genome Organization
141(1)
Nomenclature of Keratins
142(1)
The Mammalian Keratin Type I Clusters
142(3)
The Mammalian Keratin Type II Clusters
145(1)
Domain Structure, Assembly, and Protein Modifications
146(2)
Gene Regulation and Expression
148(3)
Keratinopathies
151(1)
Keratins and Signaling
152(1)
Keratin Knockout Mice and Other Functional Studies
153(6)
Conclusions and Perspectives
159(1)
References
160(11)
Corneodesmosomes: Pivotal Actors in the Stratum Corneum Cohesion and Desquamation
171(20)
Marek Haftek
Michel Simon
Guy Serre
Structural Aspects
171(5)
Biochemical Analysis
176(5)
Functional Correlates
181(4)
References
185(6)
Epidermal Barrier Function: Role of Tight Junctions
191(20)
Johanna M. Brandner
Ehrhardt Proksch
Introduction
191(1)
Tight Junctions (TJ) in Simple Epithelia
192(4)
Tight Junctions in the Skin
196(4)
Barrier Function of TJ in the Skin
200(2)
Future Aspects
202(1)
References
202(9)
What Makes a Good Barrier? Adaptive Features of Vertebrate Integument
211(12)
Gopinathan K. Menon
Introduction
211(2)
Impact Resistance of the Integument
213(1)
Permeability Barrier
214(1)
Facultative Waterproofing
215(4)
Why Do Lessons from Comparative Biology Matter to the Barrier Researchers?
219(1)
References
220(3)
PART III. DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE STRATUM CORNEUM
SC pH: Measurement, Origins, and Functions
223(8)
Theodora M. Mauro
Introduction
223(1)
SC pH: Measurement
223(1)
SC pH: Origin
224(1)
SC pH: Functions Impacted
225(2)
Conclusion
227(1)
References
227(4)
Stratum Corneum Lipid Processing: The Final Steps in Barrier Formation
231(30)
Walter M. Holleran
Yutaka Takagi
Introduction
231(1)
Lamellar Membrane Structures in Mammalian Stratum Corneum
231(2)
Glucosylceramides as a Major Source of Stratum Corneum Ceramides
233(3)
Glucosylceramide Processing Is Required for Epidermal Barrier Function
236(1)
Regulation of GlcCer'ase Activity in the Epidermis and SC
237(2)
Lipid Processing of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope
239(1)
Sphingomyelinase Activity in the Generation of SC Barrier Lipids
240(2)
Processing of Glycerophospholipids by Secretory Phospholipases
242(1)
Ceramidases in Epidermal Lipid Processing and Function
243(1)
Processing of Cholesterol Sulfate by Steroid Sulfatase
244(1)
Lipid Processing Alterations in Atopic Dermatitis
245(2)
Altered Lipid Processing in Psoriasis
247(1)
Altered Lipid Processing with Aging
248(1)
Summary
249(1)
References
249(12)
PART IV. REGULATION OF STRATUM CORNEUM FORMATION
The Epidermal Lamellar Body as a Multifunctional Secretory Organelle
261(12)
Peter M. Elias
Kenneth R. Feingold
Manige Fartasch
Lamellar Bodies---Species and Tissue Distribution as an Indicator of Permeability Barrier Function
261(4)
Regulation of Lamellar Body Secretion
265(4)
Pathophysiology of Lamellar Body Secretion
269(1)
References
269(4)
Skin Structural Development
273(16)
Mathew J. Hardman
Carolyn Byrne
Introduction
273(1)
Development of Human Skin
273(2)
Periderm---the Embryonic Skin Layer of Unknown Function
275(8)
Conclusion
283(1)
References
284(5)
Epidermal Calcium Gradient and the Permeability Barrier
289(16)
Gopinathan K. Menon
Seung Hun Lee
Introduction
289(1)
The Epidermal Calcium Gradient
290(2)
Altered Calcium Gradient in Skin Dysfunctions
292(3)
Calcium Gradient and Permeability Barrier: Experimental Studies
295(2)
Regulation of the Calcium Gradient
297(3)
Implications of Epidermal Calcium Gradient for Skin Biologists
300(1)
References
301(4)
The Role of the Primary Cytokines, TNF, IL-1, and IL-6, in Permeability Barrier Homeostasis
305(14)
Biao Lu
Peter M. Elias
Kenneth R. Feingold
Introduction
305(1)
Interleukin-1 Family
305(3)
TNF Family
308(1)
Interleukin-6 Family
309(1)
Effect of Barrier Disruption on Cytokine Homeostasis in the Epidermis
310(2)
Role in Barrier Repair
312(1)
Pathophysiologic Consequences
313(1)
Summary
313(1)
References
314(5)
Nuclear Hormone Receptors: Epidermal Liposensors
319(18)
Matthias Schmuth
Kenneth R. Feingold
The Nuclear Hormone Receptor Super Family
319(1)
Mechanism of Action
319(3)
Ligands
322(1)
Peroxisome Proliferator--Activated Receptors (PPAR)
322(1)
PPAR-Alpha
322(3)
PPAR-Delta
325(2)
PPAR-Gamma
327(2)
Liver X Receptor (LXR)
329(3)
Crosstalk Between Lipids and Proteins in the Epidermis
332(1)
References
333(4)
PART V. FUNCTIONS OF THE STRATUM CORNEUM
Permeability Barrier Homeostasis
337(26)
Peter M. Elias
Kenneth R. Feingold
Structural and Biochemical Basis for the Stratum Corneum Barrier
337(9)
Metabolic Regulation of Permeability Barrier Homeostasis
346(6)
Extracellular Signals of Barrier Homeostasis
352(2)
References
354(9)
Cutaneous Barriers in Defense Against Microbial Invasion
363(16)
Anna Di Nardo
Richard L. Gallo
Introduction
363(1)
Skin Surface pH
364(1)
The Skin Lipid Barrier
365(1)
Antimicrobial Peptides
365(4)
Other Proteins and Peptides with Antimicrobial Peptide Functions
369(2)
Enzymes
371(1)
Barrier Implications
372(1)
Concluding Remarks
373(1)
References
373(6)
The Epidermal Antioxidant Barrier
379(20)
Jens J. Thiele
Introduction
379(1)
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
379(1)
Physiological Barrier Antioxidants
380(1)
Vitamin E
381(1)
Vitamin C, Glutathione, and Uric Acid
382(1)
Enzymatic Antioxidants in the Stratum Corneum
383(1)
Impact of Environmental Factors on Barrier Antioxidants
384(3)
Physiological Mechanisms of Barrier Antioxidant Repletion
387(2)
Clinical Implications
389(4)
References
393(6)
Sources and Role of Stratum Corneum Hydration
399(28)
A. V. Rawlings
Introduction
399(2)
Stratum Corneum Hydration and Water Content
401(4)
Stratum Corneum Water Retention Capacity
405(4)
Stratum Corneum Lipid and NMF Gradients
409(1)
The Effect of the Seasons and Atmospheric Conditions on the Stratum Corneum
410(4)
The Role of Water in the Stratum Corneum
414(6)
Conclusions
420(2)
References
422(5)
Vitamin D and the Epidermis
427(20)
Daniel D. Bikle
Introduction
427(1)
Vitamin D Production and Metabolism in the Epidermis
427(4)
Role of Vitamin D3 in Epidermal Differentiation
431(6)
References
437(10)
PART VI. ABNORMALITIES IN THE STRATUM CORNEUM
Diseases That Affect Barrier Function
447(22)
Hachiro Tagami
Katsuko Kikuchi
Introduction
447(1)
In Vivo Functional Assessment of the SC Barrier
448(1)
Measurements of Skin Surface Hydration State
449(1)
Assessment of Skin Barrier Function in Dermatoses
450(10)
SC Changes That Occur Later in Life in Those with Normal Healthy Skin
460(2)
Concluding Remarks
462(1)
References
463(6)
Pathogenesis of the Barrier Abnormalities in Disorders of Cornification
469(42)
Matthias Schmuth
Peter M. Elias
Mary L. Williams
Introduction
469(8)
Abnormalities in Extracellular Lipid Lamellar Structures and Other Lipid Metabolic Defects
477(9)
Acquired Ichthyoses Due to Unknown
Molecular Defects
486(1)
Abnormalities of Corneocytes
486(9)
Abnormalities in Intercellular Communication (Gap Junctions)
495(2)
Abnormalities in Corneocyte Cohesion Due to Abnormal Proteolysis of Desmosomes
497(1)
References
498(13)
Pathogenesis of Desquamation and Permeability Barrier Abnormalities in RXLI
511(8)
Peter M. Elias
Debra Crumrine
Ulrich Rassner
Gopinathan K. Menon
Kenneth R. Feingold
Mary L. Williams
The Molecular and Biochemical Basis for Recessive X-Linked Ichthyosis
511(1)
Steroid Sulfatase and Cholesterol Sulfate in Normal Epidermal Physiology
512(1)
Regulation of Differentiation by Cholesterol Sulfate
513(1)
Mechanisms Proposed to Perturb Permeability Barrier Homeostasis in RXLI
514(1)
Mechanisms Proposed as Causes of Abnormal Desquamation in RXLI
514(1)
References
515(4)
Prevention and Repair of Barrier Disruption in Occupational Dermatology
519(16)
Nanna Y. Schurer
Hans J. Schwanitz
Introduction
519(2)
Primary Individual Prevention
521(6)
Secondary Individual Prevention
527(2)
Tertiary Individual Prevention
529(1)
References
530(5)
The Aged Epidermal Permeability Barrier: Basis for Functional Abnormalities
535(18)
Chantal O. Barland
Peter M. Elias
Ruby Ghadially
Structure, Function, Lipid Composition, and Metabolism of the Barrier
535(2)
Regulation of the Normal Epidermal Barrier
537(1)
The Aged Epidermal Barrier
538(7)
Barrier Repair Strategies for Aged Epidermis
545(1)
Clinical Implications
546(1)
References
547(6)
Psychological Stress and the Barrier: The Psychosensory Interface
553(16)
Mitsuhiro Denda
Introduction
553(1)
Animal Model
554(5)
Human Experiments
559(3)
Effect of Odorant Inhalation on Barrier Homeostasis
562(1)
Epidermis and Endocrine System
562(1)
Epidermis and Neurotransmitters
563(1)
Conclusion
564(1)
References
565(4)
The Stratum Corneum of the Epidermis in Atopic Dermatitis
569(22)
Jens-Michael Jensen
Ehrhardt Proksch
Peter M. Elias
Normal Stratum Corneum: Composition and Function
569(1)
Atopic Dermatitis: Genetics
570(1)
Atopic Dermatitis: Function
571(1)
Basis for Barrier Abnormalities
572(6)
Clinical Manifestations Resulting from Impaired Barrier Function
578(2)
Therapeutic Implications
580(1)
References
581(10)
PART VII. IMPROVING BARRIER FUNCTION
Epilogue: Fixing the Barrier---Theory and Rational Deployment
591(10)
Peter M. Elias
Introduction
591(1)
Dynamics of Barrier Recovery
591(1)
Clinical Applications of the Cutaneous Stress Test
592(1)
Individual Lipid Requirements for the Barrier
593(1)
The Three Key SC Lipids Are Required in an Equimolar Distribution
593(1)
Non-Physiologic Lipids---Mechanism of Action
593(2)
Potential of Barrier Repair Therapy
595(2)
References
597(4)
Index 601

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