The Sounds of Spanish with Audio CD,9780521545389

The Sounds of Spanish with Audio CD

by JosÃ© Ignacio Hualde

ISBN13: 9780521545389

ISBN10: 0521545382

Format: Multimedia

Pub. Date: 2005-11-21

Publisher(s): Cambridge University Press

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Summary

This accessible textbook provides a clear introduction to the sounds of Spanish, designed specifically for English-speaking students of the language. Assuming no prior knowledge of linguistics, it explains from scratch the fundamentals of phonetics (the study of sounds) and phonology (the study of sound systems) and describes in detail the phonetic and phonological characteristics of Spanish as it is spoken in both Spain and Latin America. Topics covered include consonants, vowels, acoustics, stress, syllables, intonation, and aspects of variation within Spanish. Clear comparisons are made between the sounds of Spanish and those of English, and students are encouraged to put theory into practice with over fifty graded exercises. Setting a solid foundation in the description and analysis of Spanish sounds, The Sounds of Spanish will help students improve their pronunciation of the language, and will also be useful to those studying the linguistic structure of Spanish for the first time. All the sounds described in this book are demonstrated on The Sounds of Spanish Audio CD included with this book.

Table of Contents

List of figures

xii

Preface

xv

List of abbreviations

xvii

Chart of the international phonetic alphabet

xix

Introduction

1

(17)

The phonemic principle

1

(1)

Sounds and symbols: orthographic and phonemic representation

2

(1)

More on Spanish orthography

3

(3)

Letters with more than one phonemic value

3

(1)

Phonemes spelt differently in different contexts

4

(1)

Phonemes spelt in more than one way in the same context

4

(2)

Phonemes and allophones

6

(6)

Phonology and phonetics

12

(3)

The International Phonetic Alphabet: advantages and shortcomings

15

(3)

Exercises

17

(1)

Variation in Spanish pronunciation

18

(23)

Variation in pronunciation: dialects, sociolects, styles

18

(1)

Main geographical varieties of the Spanish language in Spain

19

(4)

Northern-Central Peninsular Spanish

20

(1)

Southern Peninsular Spanish

21

(1)

Canary Island Spanish

22

(1)

Main geographical varieties of the Spanish language in Latin America

23

(8)

Mexico (and the USA)

25

(2)

Central America

27

(1)

Caribbean

28

(1)

Andean Region

29

(1)

Paraguay

30

(1)

Chile

30

(1)

River Plate

31

(1)

More on the limitations of dialectal classification

31

(2)

Other varieties of Spanish

33

(2)

The Ibero-Romance languages

35

(1)

The notion of standard language. Is there a standard Spanish pronunciation?

35

(2)

What's in a name: Castilian or Spanish? ¿Castellano o espanol?

37

(4)

Exercises

39

(2)

Consonants and vowels

41

(17)

Consonants and vowels

41

(1)

Description and classification of consonantal sounds

41

(11)

Manner of articulation

41

(5)

Place of articulation

46

(4)

Activity of the vocal folds: voiced and voiceless consonants

50

(2)

The Spanish consonant inventory

52

(1)

Description and classification of vowels: the Spanish vowel system

52

(2)

Glides

54

(1)

Dialectal differences in phoneme inventory

55

(3)

Exercises

56

(2)

Acoustic characterization of the main classes of Spanish speech sounds

58

(12)

Introduction

58

(1)

Vowels and voiceless plosives

59

(4)

Fricatives and affricates

63

(1)

Voiced plosives and approximant allophones of /b d g/

64

(4)

Sonorant consonants

68

(2)

Exercises

69

(1)

The syllable

70

(32)

Introduction

70

(1)

Syllable structure

70

(3)

Syllabification rules: consonants

73

(4)

The CV rule

73

(1)

Consonant clusters

73

(1)

Codas

74

(3)

Adaptation of word-initial consonant sequences in borrowings

77

(1)

Syllabification rules: vocoids (vowels and glides)

77

(10)

Lexical distribution of exceptional hiatus

81

(5)

Historical origin of diphthong/hiatus contrast

86

(1)

Resyllabification and contraction processes

87

(7)

(Re-)syllabification of consonants across word and prefix boundaries

87

(2)

Syllable contraction across word boundaries

89

(2)

Reduction of word-internal vowel sequences in colloquial speech

91

(2)

Sequences of three or more vocoids

93

(1)

Contrasts in syllabification

94

(1)

Syllable contact

95

(2)

Sequences of identical consonants across word boundaries

97

(5)

Exercises

98

(4)

Main phonological processes

102

(18)

Introduction

102

(1)

Neutralization of phonemic contrasts

102

(5)

Neutralization and phonological schools

104

(3)

Assimilation

107

(3)

Consonant-to-consonant assimilation

107

(1)

Consonant-to-vowel assimilation

108

(1)

Vowel-to-vowel assimilation

109

(1)

Vowel-to-consonant assimilation

110

(1)

Dissimilation

110

(1)

Weakening and deletion

111

(1)

Strengthening

112

(1)

Epenthesis

113

(1)

Metathesis

114

(1)

Consequences of the overlap of articulatory gestures

114

(6)

Exercises

117

(3)

Vowels

120

(18)

The Spanish vowel system from a typological perspective

120

(4)

Spanish and English vowels contrasted

124

(3)

Acoustic characterization of Spanish vowels

127

(1)

Dialectal phenomena involving vowels

128

(10)

Eastern Andalusian vowels

130

(1)

Metaphony and pretonic vowel raising in Asturian and Cantabrian dialects

131

(4)

Exercises

135

(3)

Plosives

138

(14)

Voiceless and voiced plosives: main allophones

138

(1)

The voiced/voiceless contrast by phonological context

138

(11)

Utterance-initial plosives

138

(3)

Intervocalic plosives

141

(3)

Postconsonantal plosives

144

(2)

Syllable-final plosives

146

(3)

Spanish and English plosives in contrast

149

(3)

Exercises

151

(1)

Fricatives and affricates

152

(21)

Affricates

152

(1)

Fricatives

153

(12)

/s/and/θ/

153

(1)

Variation in the articulation of /x/

154

(1)

Summary of dialectal variation in the place of articulation of the fricatives

155

(1)

/s/ and /θ/ and Spanish `jota' in historical perspective

155

(4)

Syllable-final and word-final fricatives

159

(1)

Voice assimilation of coda fricatives

159

(2)

Aspiration and deletion of /s/

161

(4)

On the phonemic status of /j/

165

(8)

Exercises

172

(1)

Nasals

173

(5)

Nasal phonemes

173

(1)

Nasals in coda position

174

(4)

Word-internal coda nasals

174

(2)

Word-final nasals

176

(1)

Exercises

177

(1)

Liquids (laterals and rhotics)

178

(12)

Liquid consonants: laterals and rhotics

178

(1)

Laterals

178

(3)

Phonemes and allophonic distribution

178

(1)

The fate of the lateral palatal /λ/: yeismo and related phenomena

179

(2)

The rhotics

181

(7)

Phonemes and allophonic distribution

181

(4)

Historical origin of the tap/trill contrast

185

(1)

Dialectal phenomena involving the rhotics

186

(2)

Neutralization and deletion of liquids in the coda of the syllable in Spanish dialects

188

(2)

Exercises

189

(1)

Main morphophonological alternations

190

(30)

Morphophonological rules

190

(2)

Historical origin of morphophonological alternations

192

(1)

Alternations between diphthongs and mid vowels: e/ie, o/ue

193

(7)

Verbs with e/ie, o/ue alternations

193

(3)

The mid vowel/diphthong alternation in derivational morphology

196

(2)

Historical origin of the alternation between diphthongs and mid vowels

198

(2)

Alternation between high and mid vowels in verbs: i/e, u/o

200

(2)

Verbs with velar increment

202

(2)

Historical origin of the velar increment

202

(2)

Other alternations in verbs

204

(1)

Plural formation

205

(5)

Historical origin of the -s/-es allomorphy of the plural suffix

207

(3)

Feminine el

210

(2)

Historical origin of feminine el

211

(1)

Diminutives

212

(5)

Historical origin of the alternation

216

(1)

Morphophonology and phonological schools

217

(3)

Exercises

218

(2)

Stress

220

(33)

What is stress?

220

(1)

Generalizations regarding stress in Spanish

221

(1)

Stress properties of nouns and adjectives

222

(6)

Unmarked, marked and exceptional stress patterns

222

(2)

Proparoxytones

224

(1)

Consonant-final paroxytones

224

(1)

Unifying the statement of stress patterns for consonant- and vowel-final nouns and adjectives

225

(1)

Stress in compounds

226

(1)

Stress in truncated forms

227

(1)

Adverbs

228

(1)

Verbs

228

(5)

Present tense (indicative and subjunctive) and imperative

229

(2)

Past tenses

231

(1)

Future and conditional

232

(1)

Compound tenses

233

(1)

Grammatical words

233

(3)

Pronouns

233

(1)

Determiners

234

(1)

Prepositions

234

(1)

Question words (interrogative pronouns)

235

(1)

Conjunctions

235

(1)

The Latin stress system and its continuation in Spanish

236

(3)

Phonetic correlates of stress

239

(7)

Secondary stress

246

(1)

Lexical stress and orthography

246

(7)

Basic orthographic accent rules

246

(2)

Diacritic use of accent marks to indicate hiatus

248

(1)

Monosyllables and pseudo-monosyllables

248

(1)

Diacritically distinguished pairs

249

(1)

Monosyllabic segmental homophones

249

(1)

Question words

250

(1)

Demonstratives

251

(1)

Other cases of diacritic accent

251

(1)

Exercises

252

(1)

Intonation

253

(23)

Tone and intonation

253

(1)

The atoms of intonation

254

(1)

Simple declarative sentences: nuclear and prenuclear accents

255

(2)

Differences from English in the placement of nuclear accents

257

(3)

Repeated information

258

(1)

Object pronouns and indefinites

258

(1)

Final predicates and adverbials

259

(1)

Narrow focus

260

(1)

Non-neutral declarative sentences

260

(7)

Old and new information

260

(4)

Contrastive narrow focus on nonfinal words

264

(2)

`Circumflex' declarative contours

266

(1)

Questions

267

(4)

Intonation and phrasing

271

(1)

A note on rhythm

272

(1)

A note on dialectal differences in prosody

273

(3)

Exercises

274

(2)

Appendices

276

(19)

Appendix A Summary of main aspects of Spanish pronunciation in contrast with English

276

(1)

Aspects of variation

276

(1)

Appendix B Why isn't Spanish orthography completely phonemic?

277

(4)

Appendix C Spanish among the Ibero-Romance languages

281

(12)

A brief historical overview

281

(5)

The other languages of Spain today and their influence on the pronunciation of the regional form of Spanish in bilingual areas

286

(1)

Galician and related varieties

287

(1)

Modern descendants of Old Leonese

288

(1)

Aragonese varieties

289

(1)

The extinct Navarrese Romance

289

(1)

Catalan

289

(1)

Aranese Gascon

290

(1)

Basque

290

(3)

English and Spanish in Gibraltar

293

(1)

Ceuta and Melilla

293

(1)

Appendix D Bilingualism in Latin America

293

(2)

Glossary of technical terms

295

(8)

References

303

(10)

Index

313