Statistics for Archaeologists : A Commonsense Approach

by
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1996-06-01
Publisher(s): PLENUM
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Summary

Taking a jargon-free approach, this guidebook introduces the basic principles of statistics to archaeologists. The author covers the necessary techniques for analyzing data collected in the field and laboratory as well as for evaluating the significance of the relationships between variables. In addition, chapters discuss the special concerns of working with samples. This well-illustrated guide features several practice problems making it an ideal text for students in archaeology and anthropology.

Table of Contents

List of Reference Tables
xix
PART I. NUMERICAL EXPLORATION
Batches of Numbers
3(14)
Stem-and-Leaf Plots
4(6)
Back-to-Back Stem-and-Leaf Plots
10(1)
Histograms
10(3)
Multiple Bunches or Peaks
13(2)
Practice
15(2)
The Level, or Center, of a Batch
17(10)
The Mean
17(2)
The Median
19(1)
Outliers and Resistance
20(1)
Eliminating Outliers
20(1)
The Trimmed Mean
21(2)
Which Index to Use
23(1)
Batches with Two Centers
24(2)
Practice
26(1)
The Spread, or Dispersion, of a Batch
27(12)
The Range
27(1)
The Midspread, or Interquartile Range
28(1)
The Variance and Standard Deviation
29(4)
The Trimmed Standard Deviation
33(2)
Which Index to Use
35(1)
Practice
36(3)
Comparing Batches
39(14)
The Box-and-Dot Plot
39(5)
Removing the Level
44(2)
Removing the Spread
46(3)
Unusualness
49(2)
Standardizing Based on the Mean and Standard Deviation
51(1)
Practice
51(2)
The Shape, or Distribution, of a Batch
53(12)
Symmetry
53(3)
Transformations
56(3)
Correcting Asymmetry
59(4)
The Normal Distribution
63(1)
Practice
64(1)
Categories
65(14)
Column and Row Proportions
69(4)
Practice
73(6)
PART II. RANDOM SAMPLING
Samples and Populations
79(20)
What Is Sampling?
80(1)
Why Sample?
80(2)
How Do We Sample?
82(3)
Representativeness
85(1)
Different Kinds of Sampling and Bias
86(3)
Use of Nonrandom Samples
89(4)
The Target Population
93(3)
Practice
96(3)
Different Samples from the Same Population
99(12)
All Possible Samples of a Given Size
99(3)
All Possible Samples of a Larger Given Size
102(4)
The ``Special Batch''
106(1)
The Standard Error
107(4)
Confidence and Population Means
111(28)
Getting Started with a Random Sample
112(2)
From What Populations Might the Sample Have Come?
114(6)
Confidence versus Precision
120(3)
Putting a Finer Point on Probabilities---Student's t
123(3)
Error Ranges for Specific Confidence Levels
126(3)
Finite Populations
129(1)
A Complete Example
130(2)
How Large a Sample Do We Need?
132(2)
Assumptions and Robust Methods
134(3)
Practice
137(2)
Categories and Population Proportions
139(10)
How Large a Sample Do We Need?
142(2)
Practice
144(5)
PART III. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES
Comparing Two Sample Means
149(18)
Confidence, Significance, and Strength
154(1)
Comparison by t Test
155(4)
The One-Sample t Test
159(1)
The Null Hypothesis
160(3)
Statistical Results and Interpretations
163(1)
Assumptions and Robust Methods
164(1)
Practice
165(2)
Comparing Means of More Than Two Samples
167(18)
Comparison with Estimated Means and Error Ranges
169(2)
Comparison by Analysis of Variance
171(6)
Strength of Differences
177(2)
Differences between Populations versus Relationships between Variables
179(2)
Assumptions and Robust Methods
181(1)
Practice
182(3)
Comparing Proportions of Different Samples
185(18)
Comparison with Estimated Proportions and Error Ranges
185(2)
Comparison with Chi-Square
187(4)
Measures of Strength
191(3)
The Effect of Sample Size
194(2)
Differences between Populations versus Relationships between Variables
196(1)
Assumptions and Robust Methods
196(2)
Postscript: Comparing Proportions to a Theoretical Expectation
198(3)
Practice
201(2)
Relating a Measurement Variable to Another Measurement Variable
203(24)
Looking at the Broad Picture
204(2)
Linear Relationships
206(3)
The Best-Fit Straight Line
209(3)
Prediction
212(2)
How Good Is the Best Fit?
214(2)
Significance and Confidence
216(3)
Analysis of Residuals
219(3)
Assumptions and Robust Methods
222(3)
Practice
225(2)
Relating Ranks
227(10)
Calculating Spearman's Rank Correlation
228(3)
Significance
231(2)
Assumptions and Robust Methods
233(1)
Practice
233(4)
PART IV. SPECIAL TOPICS IN SAMPLING
Sampling a Population with Subgroups
237(6)
Pooling Estimates
238(3)
The Benefits of Stratified Sampling
241(2)
Sampling a Site or Region with Spatial Units
243(12)
Selecting a Sample of Spatial Units
244(3)
Estimating Population Proportions
247(4)
Estimating Population Means
251(3)
Densities
254(1)
Sampling without Finding Anything
255(6)
Sampling and Reality
261(8)
Suggested Reading 269(6)
Index 275

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