Structural Equation Modeling : Concepts, Issues, and Applications,9780803953185

Structural Equation Modeling : Concepts, Issues, and Applications

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ISBN13: 9780803953185
ISBN10: 0803953186
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1995-02-28
Publisher(s): Sage Publications, Inc
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Summary

This largely nontechnical volume reviews some of the major issues facing researchers who wish to use structural equation modeling. Individual chapters present recent developments on specification, estimation and testing, statistical power, software comparisons and analyzing multitrait/multimethod data. Numerous examples of applications are given and attention is paid to the underlying philosophy of structural equation modeling and to writing up results from structural equation modeling analyses.

Table of Contents

Foreword xvii
Kenneth A. Bollen
Preface xx
Rick H. Hoyle
The Structural Equation Modeling Approach: Basic Concepts and Fundamental Issues
1(15)
Rick H. Hoyle
Model Specification
2(3)
Estimation
5(1)
Evaluation of Fit
6(2)
Model Modification
8(1)
Interpretation
9(2)
Communication
11(2)
Summary and Recommendations
13(3)
Model Specification: Procedures, Strategies, and Related Issues
16(21)
Robert C. MacCallum
Model Specification Procedures
17(7)
Path Diagrams
24(1)
Illustration
25(2)
Identification
27(2)
Strategies and Related Issues in Model Specification
29(6)
Disconfirmability
29(1)
Equivalent Models
30(1)
Strategies
31(4)
Conclusion
35(2)
Estimates and Tests in Structural Equation Modeling
37(19)
Chih-Ping Chou
Peter M. Bentler
Basic Concepts in Estimation
39(3)
Identification
39(2)
Testing
41(1)
Practical Problems
41(1)
Statistical Theory
42(4)
Models
43(1)
Fitting Functions
44(1)
Goodness-of-Fit Test
45(1)
Standard Errors
46(1)
A New Study
46(8)
Results
49(5)
Summary and Recommendations
54(2)
Structural Equation Models With Nonnormal Variables: Problems and Remedies
56(20)
Stephen G. West
John F. Finch
Patrick J. Curran
Overview of Normal Theory Estimation
57(2)
Effects and Detection of Nonnormality
59(5)
Theoretical Basis for the Problem
59(1)
Continuous, Nonnormal Variables
59(1)
Coarsely Categorized Variables
59(1)
Detecting Departures From Normality
60(1)
Skewness and Kurtosis, Univariate and Multivariate
60(1)
Outliers
61(1)
Results of Empirical Studies of Nonnormality
62(1)
Continuous, Nonnormal Variables
62(1)
Coarsely Categorized Variables
63(1)
Remedies for Multivariate Nonnormality
64(9)
Alternative Estimation Techniques
64(1)
The Asymptotically Distribution Free Estimator
64(1)
SCALED χ2 Statistic and Robust Standard Errors
65(1)
Bootstrapping
66(1)
Empirical Studies of Alternative Estimation Procedures
67(1)
Coarsely Categorized Variables
68(2)
Reexpression of Variables
70(1)
Item Parcels
70(1)
Transformation of Nonnormal Variables
71(2)
Conclusion and Recommendations
73(3)
Evaluating Model Fit
76(24)
Li-tze Hu
Peter M. Bentler
The χ2 Test
77(4)
Reformance of χ2 Tests as Tests of Model Fit
78(2)
Noncentral χ2 Distribution
80(1)
Fit Indexes
81(8)
Types of Fit Indexes
82(1)
Incremental Fit Indexes
83(1)
Incremental Fit Indexes
84(1)
Incremental Fit Indexes
84(1)
Absolute Fit Indexes
85(2)
Issues in Assessing Fit by Fit Indexes and Selection Criteria
87(1)
Small Sample Bias
87(1)
Estimation Method Effects
88(1)
Effects of Violation of Normality and Independence
88(1)
Reevaluation of Fit Indexes as Alternative Measures of Model Fit
89(6)
Incremental Fit Indexes
89(1)
Bentler and Bonett's Normed Fit Index (NFI)
89(1)
Bollen's Fit Index (BL86)
89(1)
Incremental Fit Indexes
90(1)
Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI, Also NNFI)
90(1)
Bollen's Fit Index (BL89)
90(1)
Incremental Fit Indexes
91(1)
Bentler's Fit Index and McDonald and Marsh's Relative Noncentrality Index
91(1)
Absolute Fit Indexes
91(1)
Goodness-of-Fit (GFI) and Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI)
91(1)
Information Criterion Indexes
92(1)
McDonald's Centrality Index
93(1)
Hoelter's Critical N (CN)
93(1)
Overall Summary and Recommendations
94(1)
Factors That May Affect the Magnitude of χ2 Statistics and Fit Indexes
95(2)
The Effect of Sample Size and Latent Variate Dependence
95(1)
The Effect of Estimation Methods
96(1)
Conclusions
97(3)
Penalty of Model Complexity
97(1)
Evaluation of Residuals
98(1)
Disclaimer on Model Modification
99(1)
Statistical Power in Structural Equation Modeling
100(18)
David Kaplan
Calculation of Power
102(2)
Simultaneous Power Analysis
104(1)
Power and Expected Parameter Change
105(2)
Power-Based Model Evaluation
107(2)
Studies of the Power Characteristics of Structural Equation Models
109(2)
Studies of Power in Multisample Structural Equation Models
111(3)
Conclusion
114(4)
Objectivity and Reasoning in Science and Structural Equation Modeling
118(20)
Stanley A. Mulaik
Lawrence R. James
Preliminary Considerations From Contemporary Philosophy of Science
119(9)
The Legacy of Logical Positivism
119(1)
The Fall of Logical Positivism
120(1)
Meaning as Use
120(1)
Popper's Argument Against the Verifiability of Theories
120(1)
The Falsifiability Criterion
121(1)
Defeasible Reasoning
122(1)
The Theory-Laden Nature of Observation
123(1)
The Empirical Underdetermination of Theories
124(1)
The Normative and Social Basis for Knowledge
124(2)
Dialogue and Dialectic
126(1)
No Private Rules
127(1)
Objectivity Based on the Metaphor of Consciousness
127(1)
Relevance to Structural Equation Modeling
128(9)
A Faceted Definition of the Causal Relation
130(1)
Background Conditions
131(1)
A Formal Statement of the Structural Equation Model as a Model of Objective States of Affairs
131(1)
Disconfirmability of the Model
131(1)
Relevant Objects
132(1)
Coupling or Mediating Mechanisms
132(1)
Closure and Self-Containment
132(1)
Causal Direction
133(1)
Stability
133(1)
Probabilistic Conditions
133(1)
Linearity
134(1)
Defeasible Reasoning About Assumptions
134(1)
Evaluating Structural Equation Models With Nested Sequences of Models
135(2)
Conclusion
137(1)
One Application of Structural Equation Modeling From Two Perspectives: Exploring the EQS and LISREL Strategies
138(20)
Barbara M. Byrne
The Data
139(1)
The Hypothesized Model
140(1)
Assessment of Model Fit
141(4)
EQS Analyses
141(3)
LISREL Analyses
144(1)
Preliminary Analyses
145(3)
Examination of Sample Statistics
145(1)
EQS Analyses
145(1)
LISREL Analyses
146(1)
Treatment of Nonnormality
147(1)
Testing the Hypothesized Model of BDI Structure
148(4)
Feasibility of Parameter Estimates
150(1)
Statistical Significance of Parameter Estimates
150(2)
Post-Hoc Model-Fitting to Establish Baseline Models
152(2)
EQS Analyses
152(1)
LISREL Analyses
153(1)
Testing for Invariance Across Gender
154(2)
EQS Analyses
154(1)
LISREL Analyses
155(1)
Summary
156(2)
Writing About Structural Equation Models
158(19)
Rick H. Hoyle
Abigail T. Panter
Describing the Conceptual and Statistical Models
158(3)
The Conceptual Model
159(1)
The Statistical Model
160(1)
Details About the Data
161(2)
Matrix to Be Analyzed
161(1)
Distributions
162(1)
Describing the Results
163(11)
Estimation and Fit Criteria
163(1)
Method of Estimation
163(1)
Fit Criteria
164(1)
Indicators of Overall Fit
165(4)
Parameter Estimates
169(2)
Alternative Models
171(1)
A Priori
171(1)
Post-Hoc Modifications
172(1)
Equivalent Models
173(1)
Additional Information About Model Fit
173(1)
Statistical Power
173(1)
Cross-Validation
174(1)
Interpretation
174(1)
Conclusions
175(2)
Latent Variable Models of Multitrait-Multimethod Data
177(22)
Herbert W. Marsh
David Grayson
The Campbell and Fiske (1959) Approach
178(2)
The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Approach
180(7)
Direct Product Models
187(3)
Application of the CFA and CDP Approaches
190(6)
Proper Solutions
191(1)
Goodness of Fit
192(2)
Interpretation of Parameter Estimates
194(1)
Standardized CFA Parameter Estimates
194(1)
CDP Parameter Estimates
194(2)
Summary and Implications
196(3)
Sex-Race Differences in Social Support and Depression in Older Low-Income Adults
199(18)
Jane A. Scott-Lennox
Richard D. Lennox
Universal Versus Group-Specific Models of Support and Depression
201(4)
Testing the Empirical Model
203(2)
Method
205(3)
Sample
205(1)
Demographics
205(1)
Health Status
206(1)
Procedure
206(1)
Measures
206(1)
Depressive Symptoms
206(1)
Perceived Adequacy of Social Support (PASS)
207(1)
Measures of Social Support Networks
207(1)
Statistical Analyses
208(1)
Mean Comparisons
208(1)
Multigroup Structural Equation Models
208(1)
Results
208(6)
Sex-Race Differences in Access to Support
208(1)
Depressive Symptoms (CESD16)
208(1)
Satisfaction With Support (PASS)
209(1)
Structure of Support Networks
210(1)
The Universal MSEM Model
210(1)
Derivations of Degrees of Freedom
210(1)
The Group-Sensitive Model
211(2)
Relationships Among Network Characteristics
213(1)
Network Characteristics as Predictors of Satisfaction With Support
213(1)
Satisfaction With Support and Depressive Symptom Severity
214(1)
Direct Effects of Networks on Depressive Symptoms
214(1)
Discussion
214(3)
Modeling the Relation of Personality Variables to Symptom Complaints: The Unique Role of Negative Affectivity
217(19)
Jay G. Hull
Judith C. Tedlie
Daniel A. Lehn
General Personality Factors and Their Relation to Health
218(1)
General Factors or Unique Traits?
218(4)
Testing for the Presence of a General Factor
219(1)
Testing for the Effects of General Factors and Unique Traits
220(2)
Studies 1-3
222(1)
Method
223(2)
Subjects
223(1)
Instruments
224(1)
Study 1
224(1)
Study 2
224(1)
Study 3
224(1)
Results
225(4)
Personality Factor Models
225(1)
One-Factor Model
225(1)
Second-Order Factor Model
226(1)
Group Factor Model
226(1)
Model Comparison
226(1)
Predicting Symptom Complaints
227(2)
Discussion
229(5)
The Unique Qualities of Negative Affectivity
231(1)
Method and Knowledge: The Utility of Structural Equation Modeling
232(1)
General and Specific Effects
232(1)
Modeling Strategy
233(1)
Limitations of the Present Research
233(1)
Neuroticism Indicators
233(1)
Interpreting the Results of Structural Equation Modeling
234(1)
Measures of Health and Health Behaviors
234(1)
Conclusion
234(2)
Predictors of Change in Antisocial Behavior During Elementary School for Boys
236(18)
Mike Stoolmiller
Terry E. Duncan
Gerald R. Patterson
Method
239(4)
Sample
239(1)
Instrument Description
239(1)
Child Constructs
240(1)
Parent Constructs
241(1)
Modeling Description
242(1)
Results
243(6)
Discussion
249(3)
Coercion Theory and Change in Antisocial Behavior
250(1)
Analyzing Incomplete Longitudinal Data
251(1)
Summary and Conclusions
252(2)
References 254(18)
Author Index 272(6)
Subject Index 278(5)
About the Contributors 283

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