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xv | |
| Abbreviations |
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xvii | |
| Preface |
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xxi | |
| LITERARY-HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS SYNCHRONIC SOCIAL STRUCTURE (PARTS I---VII) |
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| PART I BIBLICAL HISTORY AND BIBLICAL SOCIOLOGY |
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Obstacles to a Comprehensive Understanding of Early Israel |
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3 | (5) |
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4 | (1) |
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The Scandal of Sociological Method |
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5 | (3) |
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Complementarity of Humanistic and Sociological Studies of Early Israel |
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8 | (10) |
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Aims and Methods: Overview of Contents |
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18 | (7) |
| PART II THE HISTORICAL STARTING POINT AND A SOURCE COMPENDIUM |
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Evaluating the Historical Sources: Temporal Distance and Cultic-Ideological Roots |
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25 | (7) |
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The Historical Subject: Israel in Canaan 1250-1000 B.C. |
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32 | (13) |
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34 | (1) |
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Moses and the Moses Group of Yahwists |
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35 | (6) |
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41 | (4) |
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Compendium of Historical Sources |
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45 | (18) |
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Blessings, Songs, and Fable |
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47 | (1) |
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Centralized Conquest Narratives |
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48 | (1) |
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Localized Settlement Annals |
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49 | (1) |
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Inventory of Defeated Kings |
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50 | (1) |
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Inventory of Tribal Heads and Military Censuses |
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51 | (1) |
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Narratives of Military ``Judges'' |
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52 | (1) |
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Narratives of Military Virtuosi |
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52 | (1) |
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Narrative of an Upstart ``King'' |
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53 | (1) |
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Notations about Nonmilitary ``Judges'' |
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53 | (1) |
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Narrative of a Tribal Relocation |
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53 | (1) |
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Narrative of Intertribal Sanction of an Offending Tribe |
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54 | (1) |
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Narratives of Israel's Pre-Davidic Wars with the Philistines |
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54 | (1) |
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Narratives of Relations between Israel and Indigenous Populations |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Territorial, Boundary, and City Lists |
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56 | (1) |
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Theophanic and Covenant Texts |
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57 | (1) |
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Apodictic and Casuistic Laws |
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58 | (5) |
| PART III THE CULTIC-IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE SOURCES |
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63 | (2) |
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Israelite Religious Concepts as ``Ideology'' |
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65 | (2) |
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Israelite Religious Practices as ``Cult'' |
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67 | (5) |
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Anatomy of the ``Historical'' Traditions |
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72 | (11) |
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Structural Elements of the Traditions |
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73 | (6) |
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Sequential Articulation of the Traditions |
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79 | (4) |
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Tradition Formation as Sociohistorical Symbolization |
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83 | (5) |
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Cultic Actions and Cultic Traditions: Exodus-Settlement and Sinai Themes |
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88 | (12) |
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Separation of Exodus-Settlement and Sinai Themes |
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88 | (4) |
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Cultic Location of Exodus-Settlement Themes |
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92 | (1) |
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Sinai Themes: Theophany; Covenant; Law |
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93 | (3) |
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Cultic Location of Sinai Themes |
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96 | (4) |
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Cultic Modalities and Narrative Themes: Substructure and Superstructure |
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100 | (15) |
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Socio-Cultic Matrix of All Themes |
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100 | (5) |
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Historical Themes Emerge from the Cult |
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105 | (5) |
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Sinai Themes Emerge from the Cult |
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110 | (5) |
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Uncentralized Traditions Resistant to the Basic Themes |
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115 | (14) |
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116 | (1) |
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Hymns or Songs of Triumph |
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117 | (2) |
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Stories of ``Judges'': The Terminus of the Centralized Traditions |
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119 | (10) |
| PART IV THE TRADITION HISTORY AND COMPOSITION OF THE BOOKS OF JOSHUA AND JUDGES |
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Overview of Sources: Joshua and Judges |
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129 | (11) |
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Contents of the Book of Joshua |
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130 | (4) |
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Contents of the Book of Judges |
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134 | (6) |
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Deuteronomic History and the Old Basic Themes |
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140 | (10) |
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The Deuteronomic Version of Israel's Early History |
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140 | (2) |
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Deuteronomic Adaptation to the Moratorium on New Basic Themes |
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142 | (4) |
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A Watershed between Joshua and Judges |
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146 | (4) |
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Pre-Deuteronomic Sources in Joshua and Judges |
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150 | (26) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (8) |
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163 | (13) |
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Sociohistoric Sketch of Major Tradition Types |
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176 | (15) |
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Centralized Conquest Stories |
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177 | (2) |
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Localized Settlement ``Annals'' |
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179 | (3) |
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Land Allotment Traditions |
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182 | (2) |
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Localized Stories of Victories by ``Judges'' |
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184 | (7) |
| PART V MODELS OF THE ISRAELITE SETTLEMENT IN CANAAN |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (12) |
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204 | (6) |
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210 | (10) |
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Models of the Settlement and Models of the Social System |
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220 | (8) |
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Social-Structural Analysis and Comparison: Prospect of Parts VI-IX |
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228 | (9) |
| PART VI MODELS OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE (I): ALL ISRAEL; TRIBES; PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS; EXTENDED FAMILIES |
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237 | (2) |
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The Comprehensive Social Entity |
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239 | (6) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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Primary Subdivisions of the Social Structure |
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245 | (12) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (3) |
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249 | (2) |
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Shevet = A Tribal Subdivision? |
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251 | (2) |
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Shevet as a Territorial and Organizational Unit |
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253 | (4) |
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Secondary Subdivisions of the Social Structure |
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257 | (28) |
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Mishpahah = Protective.Association of Families |
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257 | (10) |
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267 | (3) |
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'Eleph = Mishpahah in Arms |
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270 | (6) |
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Nonmilitary Uses of 'Eleph |
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276 | (2) |
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`Eleph = Revavah in Archaic Poetry |
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278 | (4) |
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Religious Functions of the Mishpahah / 'Eleph |
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282 | (2) |
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`Ammin and Pelaggoth = Tribal Subdivisions? |
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284 | (1) |
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Tertiary Subdivisions of the Social Structure |
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285 | (8) |
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Bayith / Beth-'av = Extended Family |
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285 | (2) |
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Beth-'av as Metaphor for Mishpahah |
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287 | (1) |
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Beth-'av as Metaphor for Shevet / Matteh |
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288 | (27) |
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Residency Patterns and Economy of the Bayith / Beth-'av |
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315 | |
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Israelite Tribalism: Anthropological and Sociological Commentary |
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293 | (52) |
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294 | (4) |
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Cross-Cutting Associations: The Exogamous Clan |
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298 | (3) |
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Did Israel Possess the Exogamous Clan? |
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301 | (14) |
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Mishpahah / 'Eleph as a Clan Equivalent |
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315 | (3) |
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Other Cross-Cutting Associations in Israelite Tribes |
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318 | (3) |
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Israelite Tribal Segmentation and Diffusion of Political Functions |
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321 | (2) |
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The Historical Peculiarity of Israelite Tribalism |
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323 | (4) |
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The Formation of Israelite Tribal Structure: ``Bottom-up'' vs. ``Top-Down'' Models |
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327 | (7) |
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Pseudo-Genealogies as Political and Cultural Ideology |
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334 | (11) |
| PART VII MODELS OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE (II): ALL ISRAEL, AMPHICTYONY OR CONFEDERACY? |
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The Prevailing Amphictyonic Model: Critique and Rebuttal |
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345 | (13) |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (2) |
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Twelve Amphictyonic Members |
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352 | (4) |
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Limited Merit of the Model |
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356 | (2) |
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An Alternative Explanation of ``the Twelve-Tribe System'' |
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358 | (18) |
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Alleged Normativeness of Twelve Tribes before the Monarchy |
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358 | (4) |
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Levi Omitted: Twelve Tribes as David's Administrative Districts |
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362 | (5) |
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Levi Included: Weakened Functions of the Twelve-Tribe System after Solomon's Administrative Reorganization |
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367 | (7) |
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374 | (2) |
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Greek Amphictyony and Israelite Confederacy: Structural-Functional and Sociohistorical Comparisons |
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376 | (13) |
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Structural Levels and Scope of the Entities Compared |
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377 | (6) |
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Organizational Zones of the Entities Compared |
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383 | (6) |
| DIACHRONIC-COMPARATIVE SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION VS. BIBLICAL THEOLOGY (PARTS VIII---XI) |
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| PART VIII COMPARATIVE SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND ECONOMIC MODES: THE SOCIOHISTORIC MATRICES OF LIBERATED ISRAEL |
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389 | (2) |
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Egyptian Imperialism and Canaanite Feudalism: The Amarna Age Interlock |
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391 | (10) |
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Hyksos and Canaanite ``Feudalism'' |
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391 | (3) |
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Egyptian-Canaanite Dominion: Temporal and Territorial Horizons |
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394 | (2) |
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Egyptian-Canaanite Dominion: Internal Dynamics |
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396 | (2) |
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Alleged 'Apiru Revolt against Egyptian-Canaanite Dominion |
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398 | (3) |
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The `Apiru Adaptation in Amarna Canaan |
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401 | (9) |
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Philistines as Heirs of Egyptian-Canaanite Dominion |
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410 | (16) |
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Philistine Dominion in Canaan |
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410 | (4) |
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The Philistine Challenge to Early Israel |
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414 | (3) |
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Philistine---Israelite---Canaanite Triangular Relations |
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417 | (9) |
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Ammon, Moab, and Edom: Societal Problematics |
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426 | (9) |
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The Pastoral Nomadic Model for Early Israel: Critique and Radical Revision |
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435 | (29) |
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Regnant Theory of Israelite Pastoral Nomadism |
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435 | (2) |
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Pastoral Nomadism in the Ancient Near East |
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437 | (11) |
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Evidence for Early Israelite Pastoral Nomadism |
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448 | (11) |
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Summary and Prospect: Pastoral Nomadism as a Minor Socioeconomic Component in Israelite Tribalism |
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459 | (5) |
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Socioeconomic Morphemes in Canaan: Coexistence and Opposition |
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464 | (10) |
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Complementary Morphemes: Agriculture and Transhumant Pastoralism |
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465 | (2) |
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Antagonistic Morphemes: Urban Statism and Rural Tribalism |
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467 | (7) |
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Post-Amarna Antistalist Social Sector: Convergence and Fragmentation |
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474 | (15) |
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Toward an Antistatist Coalition: Lines of Convergence |
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474 | (2) |
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Inhibited Coalition-Building: Fragmented Group Interests |
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476 | |
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Inhibited Position of the Depressed Peasant Majority |
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450 | (34) |
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484 | (5) |
| PART IX A NEW EGALITARIAN CANAANITE SOCIETY: LIBERATED ISRAEL VIS-A-VIS INDIGENOUS PEOPLES |
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Revolutionary Israel: An Expanded Coalition of Antistatist Social Sectors |
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489 | (4) |
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The Path through Elohistic Israel to Yahwistic Israel |
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493 | (5) |
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Canaanite Belligerents vis-a-vis Liberated Israel |
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498 | (57) |
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Alleged Enemies of Israel: Canaan/Canaanite(s) and Other Terms |
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498 | (5) |
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Actual Enemies of Israel in Early Poetry and Related Texts |
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503 | (52) |
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Canaanite Converts, Neutrals, and Allies vis-a-vis Liberated Israel |
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555 | (29) |
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Conversion: The Local Populace Becomes Israel |
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556 | (7) |
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Neutrality: The Local Populace Remains Outside Israel |
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563 | (188) |
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Alliance: The Local Populace Enters Protective Treaty Relations with Israel |
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751 | |
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Summary and Implications: Status of Non-Israelite Cities in the Israelite Highlands |
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580 | (4) |
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The Israelite Countryside: Heartland of the Yahwistic Socioeconomic Revolution |
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584 | (7) |
| PART X THE RELIGION OF THE NEW EGALITARIAN SOCIETY: IDEALIST, STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL, AND HISTORICAL CULTURAL-MATERIALIST MODELS |
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591 | (1) |
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Religious Idealism: Yahwism as an Autonomous Self-Generative ``Faith'' |
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592 | (16) |
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Israelite Religion Severed from Israelite Society |
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592 | (7) |
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Israelite Society Derived from Israelite Religion |
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599 | (3) |
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Social Influences on ``Nonessential'' Features of Israelite Religion |
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602 | (6) |
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Structural Functionalism: Mutual Reinforcement of Yahwism and Social Egalitarianism |
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608 | (14) |
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Structural-Functional Societal Models |
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608 | (3) |
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Mono-Yahwism as the Function of Sociopolitical Equality |
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611 | (7) |
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Sociopolitical Equality as the Function of Mono-Yahwism |
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618 | (4) |
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Historical Cultural Materialism: Yahwism as the Symbolization of Egalitarian Social Struggle |
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622 | (28) |
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Durkheim: Collective Representations |
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624 | (3) |
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Weber: Elective Affinity and Co-Determination |
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627 | (4) |
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Marx: Lawfully Interacting and Evolving Inter-Human Totalities |
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631 | (11) |
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Priority of Cultural-Material Conditions and Social Struggle: Yahwism as a Societal ``Feedback'' Servomechanism |
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642 | (8) |
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A Program of Historical Cultural-Material Research into Early Israel |
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650 | (17) |
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An Economic and Cultural-Material Inventory |
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650 | (2) |
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Historico-Territorial and Topological Studies |
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652 | (1) |
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Biblical Archaeology and ``the New Archaeology'' |
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653 | (1) |
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Population Size and Distribution |
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654 | (1) |
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Technological Factors: Iron and Waterproof Plaster---Terracing and Irrigation Systems |
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655 | (5) |
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The Socioeconomic Shift from Amarna to Israelite Canaan: A Provisional Historical Cultural-Material Hypothesis |
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660 | (7) |
| PART XI BIBLICAL THEOLOGY O BILICAL SOCIOLOGY? |
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On Affirming and Defining the ``Uniqueness'' of Israel |
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667 | (9) |
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Biblical Theology: An Attempt to Mediate the Clash between Historical and Theological Methods |
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667 | (3) |
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The Common Theology of the Ancient Near East |
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670 | (1) |
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Common Ancient Near Eastern Concepts of Divine Action in History |
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671 | (5) |
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Common High God Paradigms: Ancient Near Eastern and Early Israelite |
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676 | (3) |
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Differentiated High God Paradigms: The Early Israelite Mutations |
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679 | (13) |
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Socioeconomic Demythologization of Israelite Yahwism |
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692 | (8) |
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The Key to Israel's Religion: Idealism or Historical Cultural Materialism? |
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700 | (11) |
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Yahwism as the Symbolic Expression of the Israelite Socioeconomic Revolution |
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700 | (2) |
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Israel's Election: Socioreligious Actualities vs. Theological Puzzles |
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702 | (1) |
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On Being Religious: In Ancient Israel and in the Present Social and Intellectual Climate |
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703 | (2) |
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Contribution toward Social Change: The Criterion of Religious Symbols and Organizations |
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705 | (6) |
| Appendices |
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711 | (2) |
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713 | |
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| Epilogue |
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Other versions by this Author
