Introduction |
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xiii | |
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Introduction to Quality Systems |
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1 | (6) |
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Quality Control, Quality Assurance, and Quality Systems |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Quality System Requirements in Five Steps |
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4 | (1) |
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The Commitment to Validate |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (14) |
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Regulations, Guidelines, and Expectations for Validation Studies |
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7 | (2) |
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When Are Validation Studies Required? When Are Validation Studies Appropriate? |
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9 | (1) |
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When Are Validation Studies Performed in the Product Life Cycle? |
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10 | (1) |
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Design, Process, and Method Validation Relationships |
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10 | (1) |
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Who Designs and Performs Validation Studies? |
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11 | (1) |
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When Clinical Use Product Is Produced in the Development Laboratory |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Validation Studies Versus Qualification Studies |
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13 | (1) |
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Validation Study Strategies |
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14 | (1) |
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Fundamental Elements of Validation |
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14 | (1) |
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Validation Terminology and Definitions |
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15 | (1) |
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Prospective and Retrospective Validation Studies |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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Product Development and Validation |
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21 | (20) |
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Design Input: Defining the Product Design Endpoint |
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21 | (2) |
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Designing and Design Analysis |
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23 | (1) |
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Design Output: Documenting the Design |
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23 | (1) |
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Design Verification: Demonstrating That the Design Endpoint Is Achievable |
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24 | (2) |
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Design Validation: Demonstrating That User Requirements Are Satisfied |
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26 | (3) |
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Medical Device Software Validation |
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29 | (1) |
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Ensure That Design Verification and Validation Studies Are Meaningful |
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30 | (1) |
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Design Validation and Design Transfer |
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31 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Validation for Medical Product Manufacturers |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (2) |
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Appendix 3.A. Content Considerations for a Design Verification Study Plan and Protocol |
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36 | (1) |
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Appendix 3.B. Content Considerations for a Design Validation Study Plan and Protocol |
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37 | (2) |
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Appendix 3.C. Design Transfer Decision Record |
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39 | (2) |
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Validation Study Plans, Protocols, Reports |
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41 | (8) |
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Validation Study Master Plans |
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42 | (1) |
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Validation Study Plans or Protocols |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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Validation Study Notebooks/Validation Study Files |
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44 | (1) |
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Validation Study Disposition Records |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Appendix 4.A. Format and Content Considerations for a Validation Study Master Plan |
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46 | (3) |
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Process Development and Validation |
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49 | (18) |
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50 | (5) |
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Process Validation Studies |
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55 | (1) |
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Process Validation Candidates |
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56 | (1) |
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Validation Studies Can Minimize Process Specification Testing |
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57 | (1) |
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Are Validation Studies the Only Option? |
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58 | (1) |
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Who Performs Validation Studies and When? |
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59 | (1) |
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Process Validation or Qualification Study Protocols: Format and Content Considerations |
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59 | (3) |
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Equipment-Dependent Processes |
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62 | (1) |
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Process Failures and Out-of-Specification Results |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Appendix 5.A. Sample Process Validation Study Protocol |
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64 | (3) |
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Test Method Development and Validation |
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67 | (18) |
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Test/Inspection Method Validation: Regulatory Requirement or NOT? |
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68 | (1) |
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The Life Cycle of a Test/Inspection Method |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (4) |
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Method Control: Is Validation the Only Option? |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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Method Qualification or Validation |
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76 | (1) |
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Study Protocol Format and Content: Test/Inspection Methods |
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77 | (2) |
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Routine Monitoring of a Validated Test/Inspection Method |
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79 | (1) |
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Method Failures Versus Out-of-Specification Results |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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In Vitro Diagnostics: When the Test Method Is the Product |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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Qualification of Equipment and Equipment Systems |
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85 | (24) |
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What About Equipment Validation? |
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85 | (1) |
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What Equipment Requires a Qualification Study? |
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86 | (1) |
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Equipment Qualification Study Protocol: Format and Content |
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87 | (3) |
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Equipment and Equipment System Development During Start-Up |
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90 | (1) |
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Use of Contract ``Validation'' Services |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Equipment Versus Equipment Systems |
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92 | (1) |
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The Commitments of Routine Maintenance, Calibration, and Change Control |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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Appendix 7.A. Sample Installation Qualification for a Clean Steam Aenerator |
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95 | (5) |
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Appendix 7.B. Sample Equipment Qualification Study Protocol for a Hot Air Curing Oven |
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100 | (4) |
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Appendix 7.C. Sample Validation Protocol for a Compressed Air Production and Distribution System |
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104 | (5) |
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Qualification of Software-Driven, Automated Equipment and Equipment Systems |
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109 | (18) |
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Software-Driven, Automated Equipment Systems |
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110 | (2) |
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Software Installation Qualification Records |
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112 | (1) |
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Software Operational Qualification Study Protocols |
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112 | (1) |
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Software Performance Studies |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Categorization of Concern |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Qualification Data Options for Automated Systems |
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116 | (1) |
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Simple Equipment Systems Should Require Simple Evaluation |
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117 | (1) |
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Supporting Qualified, Software-Driven, Automated Equipment Systems |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (4) |
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Appendix 8.A. Points to Consider: Software Identification and Control |
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122 | (1) |
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Appendix 8.B. Points to Consider: Hardware and Equipment Configuration Management |
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123 | (2) |
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Appendix 8.C. Points to Consider: Good Automated Manufacturing Practices |
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125 | (2) |
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Facility Qualification Studies |
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127 | (14) |
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Facility Intended Use or Purpose |
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127 | (3) |
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Facility Requirements and Specifications |
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130 | (2) |
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New Facility Construction and Renovation |
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132 | (1) |
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Facility Qualification Study: Overview |
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133 | (1) |
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Format and Content of a Facility Qualification Study Protocol |
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134 | (5) |
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Existing Facility Qualification Studies |
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139 | (1) |
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Changes in a Qualified Facility |
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140 | (1) |
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Validation Studies at Suppliers or Contractors |
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141 | (12) |
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142 | (1) |
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Validation Studies at Suppliers |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Appendix 10.A. Points to Consider in Contract Relationships |
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147 | (6) |
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Change Management for Validated Products, Processes, and Methods |
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153 | (10) |
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Change Detection Programs |
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154 | (1) |
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Unexpected Change from Suppliers |
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155 | (1) |
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Unexpected Results from Validated Products, Processes, or Methods |
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156 | (1) |
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Proposed Changes to Validated Product, Processes, or Methods |
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157 | (1) |
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When Preapproval from the FDA Is Required |
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157 | (2) |
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Unexpected Results During a Validation Study |
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159 | (1) |
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Revalidation Study Protocols |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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Revalidation and Requalification Studies |
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163 | (142) |
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164 | (1) |
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Time-Based Requalification/Revalidation Studies |
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165 | (1) |
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How Much Testing Is Enough? |
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166 | (1) |
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Revalidation Study Protocol |
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167 | (1) |
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Revalidation/Requalification Study Protocol: Documentation Requirements |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
Appendices |
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A. 21 CFR Part 820-Quality System Regulation |
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169 | (22) |
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B. Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) Final Rule: Quality System Regulation |
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191 | (24) |
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Production and Process Controls |
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C. Medical Device Quality Systems Manual: A Small Entity Compliance Guide |
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215 | (52) |
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Equipment and Calibration |
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D. General Principles of Software Validation |
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267 | (28) |
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E. Proposed Amendment of Certain Requirements for Finished Pharmaceuticals |
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295 | (10) |
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Index |
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305 | |