Beyond Feelings : A Guide to Critical Thinking
by Ruggiero, VincentEdition: 7th
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2003-08-10
Publisher(s): McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages
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Summary
This succinct, interdisciplinary introduction to critical thinking successfully dares students to question their own assumptions and to enlarge their thinking through the analysis of the most common problems associated with everyday reasoning. The text offers a unique and effective organization: Part I explains the fundamental concepts; Part II describes the most common barriers to critical thinking; Part III offers strategies for overcoming those barriers.
Table of Contents
Preface Introduction PART I. THE CONTEXT 1. Who Are You?The Influence of Time and PlaceThe Influence of Mass CultureThe "Science" of ManipulationThe Influence of PsychologyBecoming an IndividualApplications 2. What Is Critical Thinking?Mind, Brain, or Both?Critical Thinking DefinedCharacteristics of Critical ThinkersThe Role of IntuitionThe Basic Activities of Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking and WritingCritical Thinking and DiscussionAvoiding PlagiarismApplications 3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
PART I. THE CONTEXT 1. Who Are You?The Influence of Time and PlaceThe Influence of Mass CultureThe "Science" of ManipulationThe Influence of PsychologyBecoming an IndividualApplications 2. What Is Critical Thinking?Mind, Brain, or Both?Critical Thinking DefinedCharacteristics of Critical ThinkersThe Role of IntuitionThe Basic Activities of Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking and WritingCritical Thinking and DiscussionAvoiding PlagiarismApplications 3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
The Influence of Time and PlaceThe Influence of Mass CultureThe "Science" of ManipulationThe Influence of PsychologyBecoming an IndividualApplications 2. What Is Critical Thinking?Mind, Brain, or Both?Critical Thinking DefinedCharacteristics of Critical ThinkersThe Role of IntuitionThe Basic Activities of Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking and WritingCritical Thinking and DiscussionAvoiding PlagiarismApplications 3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
The "Science" of ManipulationThe Influence of PsychologyBecoming an IndividualApplications 2. What Is Critical Thinking?Mind, Brain, or Both?Critical Thinking DefinedCharacteristics of Critical ThinkersThe Role of IntuitionThe Basic Activities of Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking and WritingCritical Thinking and DiscussionAvoiding PlagiarismApplications 3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Becoming an IndividualApplications 2. What Is Critical Thinking?Mind, Brain, or Both?Critical Thinking DefinedCharacteristics of Critical ThinkersThe Role of IntuitionThe Basic Activities of Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking and WritingCritical Thinking and DiscussionAvoiding PlagiarismApplications 3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
2. What Is Critical Thinking?Mind, Brain, or Both?Critical Thinking DefinedCharacteristics of Critical ThinkersThe Role of IntuitionThe Basic Activities of Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking and WritingCritical Thinking and DiscussionAvoiding PlagiarismApplications 3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Critical Thinking DefinedCharacteristics of Critical ThinkersThe Role of IntuitionThe Basic Activities of Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking and WritingCritical Thinking and DiscussionAvoiding PlagiarismApplications 3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
The Role of IntuitionThe Basic Activities of Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking and WritingCritical Thinking and DiscussionAvoiding PlagiarismApplications 3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Critical Thinking and WritingCritical Thinking and DiscussionAvoiding PlagiarismApplications 3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Avoiding PlagiarismApplications 3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
3. What Is Truth?Where Does It All Begin?Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Imperfect PerceptionImperfect MemoryDeficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Deficient InformationEven the Wisest Can ErrTruth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Truth Is Discovered, Not CreatedApplications 4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
4. What Does It Mean to Know?Requirements of KnowingTesting Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Testing Your Own KnowledgeHow We Come to KnowWhy Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Why Knowing is DifficultA Cautionary TailIs Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Is Faith a Form of KnowledgeObstacles to KnowledgeApplications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Applications 5. How Good Are Your Opinions?Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Opinions Can Be MistakenOpinions on Moral IssuesEven Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Even Experts Can Be WrongKinds of ErrorInformed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Informed Versus Uninformed OpinionForming Correct OpinionsApplications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Applications 6. What Is Evidence?Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Kinds of EvidenceEvaluating EvidenceWhat Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
What Constitutes "Sufficient" Evidence?Applications 7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
7. What Is Argument?The Parts of an ArgumentEvaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Evaluating ArgumentsMore Difficult ArgumentsApplications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Applications PART II. THE PITFALLS 8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
8. The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"Egocentric PeopleEthnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Ethnocentric PeopleControlling "Mine-Is-Better" ThinkingApplications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Applications 9. Errors of PerspectiveUnwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Unwarranted AssumptionsThe Either/Or OutlookMindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Mindless ConformityAbsolutismRelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
RelativismBias For or Against ChangeApplications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Applications 10. Errors of ProcedureBiased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Biased Consideration of EvidenceDouble StandardHasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Hasty ConclusionOvergeneralization and StereotypingOversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
OversimplificationThe Post Hoc FallacyApplications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Applications 11. Errors of ExpressionContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
ContradictionArguing in a CircleMeaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Meaningless StatementMistaken AuthorityFalse AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
False AnalogyIrrational AppealApplications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Applications 12. Errors of ReactionAutomatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Automatic RejectionChanging the SubjectShifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Shifting the Burden of Proof"Straw Man"Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Attacking the CriticApplications 13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
13. The Errors in CombinationErrors of PerspectiveErrors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Errors of ProcedureErrors of ExpressionErrors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Errors of ReactionSample Combinations of ErrorsA Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
A Sensible View of TerminologyApplications PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
PART III. A STRATEGY 14. Knowing YourselfCritical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Critical Thinking InventoryUsing Your InventoryChallenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Challenge and RewardApplications 15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
15. Being ObservantObserving PeopleObservation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Observation in Science and MedicineThe Range of ApplicationBecoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Becoming More ObservantReflecting Your ObservationsApplications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Applications 16. Selecting an IssueThe Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
The Basic Rule: Less Is MoreHow to Limit an IssueSample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Sample Issue: PornographySample Issue: BoxingSample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Sample Issue: Juvenile CrimeApplications 17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
17. Conducting InquiryWorking with Inconclusive ResultsWhere to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Where to Look for InformationHow Much Inquiry is Enough?Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Managing Lengthy MaterialApplications 18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
18. Forming a JudgmentEvaluating EvidenceEvaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Evaluating Your Sources' ArgumentsMaking Important DistinctionsExpressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Expressing JudgmentsApplications 19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
19. Persuading OthersGuidelines for PersuasionAn Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
An Unpersuasive PresentationA Persuasive PresentationApplications Notes Index
Applications Notes Index
Index
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