
America and Its Peoples A Mosaic in the Making, Volume 1, Study Edition
by Martin, James Kirby; Roberts, Randy J.; Mintz, Steven; McMurry, Linda O.; Jones, James H.-
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Summary
Table of Contents
Maps | p. xvii |
Tables and Figures | p. xix |
Features | p. xxi |
Preface | p. xxiii |
About the Authors | p. xxxi |
The Peopling and Unpeopling of America | p. 2 |
Squanto Saves the Pilgrims | p. 3 |
The First Discovery of America | p. 5 |
A Diversity of Cultures | |
The Myth of the "Virgin" Land | |
Eastern Indians on the Eve of Contact | |
Preparing Europe for Westward Expansion | p. 9 |
Changing Population Pressures | |
Crusades, Commerce, and the New Learning | |
Nation-States Support the First Explorations | |
Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain | p. 14 |
Conquistadores Overrun Native Americans | |
Constructing the Spanish Empire | |
Success Breeds Envy and Contempt | |
Challengers for North America: France and England | p. 18 |
The Protestant Reformation Stirs Deep Tensions | |
Defying the Supremacy of Spain | |
England Prepares for Westward Expansion | |
Joining in the Invasion of America | p. 22 |
The Roanoke Disaster | |
Merchant Capitalists Sponsor the Founding of Virginia | |
Struggling Jamestown Survives | |
Dutch and French Adventurers | |
Conclusion | p. 27 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 28 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 29 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 29 |
Media Resources | p. 30 |
Key Terms | p. 30 |
People You Should Know | p. 30 |
Review Questions | p. 30 |
The American Mosaic: Indian Scalping and European War Dogs | p. 12 |
The People Speak: Powhatan Pleads for Peace and Harmony (1609) | p. 27 |
Plantations and Cities Upon a Hill, 1620-1700 | p. 32 |
John Punch: From Servant to Slave | p. 33 |
From Settlements to Societies in the South | p. 34 |
Searching for Laborers | |
To Be Like English Subjects at Home | |
Crushing Powhatan's Confederacy | |
A Model for Other Royal Colonies | |
Proprietary Maryland and the Carolinas | |
Religious Dissenters Colonize New England | p. 39 |
The Rise of Puritan Dissenters at Home | |
Godly Mission to New England | |
Testing the Limits of Toleration | |
"Hivings Out" Provoke Bloody Indian Relations | |
Families, Individuals, and Communities: Surviving in Early America | p. 46 |
Life and Death, North and South | |
Roles for Men, Women, and Children | |
Commercial Values and the Rise of Chattel Slavery | p. 49 |
Declension in New England | |
Stabilizing Life in the Chesapeake Region | |
The Beginnings of American Slavery | |
Shifting to Slavery in Maryland and Virginia | |
The World the Slaves Made | |
Conclusion | p. 56 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 58 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 57 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 57 |
Media Resources | p. 58 |
Key Terms | p. 59 |
People You Should Know | p. 59 |
Review Questions | p. 59 |
The American Mosaic: Childbirth in Early America | p. 50 |
The People Speak: John Winthrop "A Model of Christian Charity" | p. 42 |
Provincial America in Upheaval, 1660-1760 | p. 60 |
Hannah Dustan and Eliza Lucas: Colonial Women in Time of War | p. 61 |
Designing England's North American Empire | p. 63 |
To Benefit the Parent Nation | |
Seizing Dutch New Netherland | |
Proprietary Difficulties in New York and New Jersey | |
Planting William Penn's "Holy Experiment" | |
Defying the Imperial Will: Provincial Convulsions and Rebellions | p. 68 |
Bacon's Bloody Rebellion in Virginia | |
The Glorious Revolution Spills into America | |
New England's Witchcraft Hysteria | |
Settling Anglo-American Differences | |
Maturing Colonial Societies in Unsettled Times | p. 73 |
An Exploding Population Base | |
The "Europeanizing" of America | |
Intellectual and Religious Awakening | |
International Wars Beset America | |
Showdown: The Great War for the Empire | |
Allies as Enemies: Making War on the Cherokees | |
Conclusion | p. 89 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 89 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 90 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 90 |
Media Resources | p. 91 |
Key Terms | p. 91 |
People You Should Know | p. 91 |
Review Questions | p. 91 |
The American Mosaic: Colonial Pastimes | p. 80 |
The People Speak: Olaudah Equiano on His Ship Passage as a Slave to America | p. 76 |
Breaking the Bonds of Empire, 1760-1775 | p. 92 |
Samuel Adams: The Man of the Revolution | p. 93 |
Provoking an Imperial Crisis | p. 95 |
A Legacy of War-Related Problems | |
Getting Tough with the Americans | |
Parliament Endorses Direct Taxes | |
"Liberty, Property, and No Stamps" | p. 99 |
Emerging Patterns of Resistance | |
Protest Takes a Violent Turn | |
Resistance Spreads Across the Landscape | |
Parliament Retreats | |
A Second Crisis: The Townshend Duties | p. 105 |
Formulating a New Taxation Scheme | |
Mustering Further American Resistance | |
A "Bloody Massacre" in Boston | |
Parliament Backs Down Again | |
The Rupturing of Imperial Relations | p. 111 |
The Necessity of Vigilance | |
The Tea Crisis of 1773 | |
Parliament Adopts the Coercive Acts | |
Hurling Back the Challenge: The First Continental Congress | |
Conclusion | p. 116 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 117 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 118 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 118 |
Media Resources | p. 118 |
Key Terms | p. 119 |
People You Should Know | p. 119 |
Review Questions | p. 119 |
The American Mosaic: Those Hated Customs Informers | p. 108 |
The People Speak: The Loyal Nine Plan a Stamp Act Protest | p. 104 |
The Times That Tried Many Souls, 1775-1783 | p. 120 |
Joseph Plumb Martin: Patriot Soldier | p. 121 |
Reconciliation or Independence | p. 123 |
The Shooting War Starts | |
Moderates Versus Radicals in Congress | |
The Expanding Martial Conflict | |
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation of Emancipation | |
Resolving the Independence Question | |
Without Visible Allies: The War in the North | p. 133 |
Britain's Massive Military Buildup | |
The Campaign for New York | |
Saving the Cause at Trenton | |
The Real Continentals | |
Resuing the Patriots: Toward Global Conflict | p. 139 |
France Offers Covert Assistance | |
The British Seize Philadelphia | |
Capturing Burgoyne's Army at Saratoga | |
The World Turned Upside Down | p. 142 |
Revamping British Strategy | |
The Tide of War Turns at Last | |
Franco-American Triumph at Yorktown | |
A Most Generous Peace Settlement | |
Conclusion | p. 147 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 147 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 147 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 148 |
Media Resources | p. 149 |
Key Terms | p. 149 |
People You Should Know | p. 149 |
Review Questions | p. 149 |
The American Mosaic: The Battle of Bunker Hill | p. 128 |
The People Speak: Thomas Paine's American Crisis I (December 1776) | p. 138 |
Map Essay: The Shot Heard 'Round the World | p. 126 |
Securing the Republic and Its Ideals, 1776-1789 | p. 150 |
Nancy Shippen and Phillis Wheatley: Second-Class Citizens of The New Republic | p. 151 |
Establishing New Republican Governments | p. 153 |
People Victorious: The New State Governments | |
The Articles of Confederation | |
Crises of the Confederation | p. 156 |
Struggle to Ratify the Articles | |
Turmoil over Financing the War | |
Threatened Military Coup: The Newburgh Conspiracy | |
Drifting Toward Disunion | |
Daniel Shays's Rebellion | |
Human Rights and Social Change | p. 162 |
In Pursuit of Religious Freedom | |
The Propertyless Poor and the West | |
Women Appeal for Fundamental Liberties | |
The Dilemma of Race and Racism | |
Second New Beginning, New National Government | p. 171 |
The Framers of the Constitution | |
A Document Constructed by Compromises | |
The Ratification Struggle | |
Conclusion | p. 176 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 176 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 177 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 177 |
Media Resources | p. 178 |
Key Terms | p. 178 |
People You Should Know | p. 178 |
Review Questions | p. 178 |
The American Mosaic: Birth Control in the Early Republic | p. 168 |
The People Speak: Abigail Adams Exhorts Her Husband to "Remember the Ladies" (1776) | p. 165 |
The Formative Decade, 1790-1800 | p. 180 |
James Callender and The Power of The Press | p. 181 |
The Roots of American Economic Growth | p. 182 |
Implementing the Constitution | p. 183 |
Establishing the Machinery of Government | |
Defining the Presidency | |
Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program | |
The Birth of Political Parties | p. 186 |
World Events and Political Polarization | |
1793 and 1794: Years of Crisis | |
Washington Retires | |
A New President and New Challenges | p. 193 |
The Presidency of John Adams | |
A New National Capital | |
The Quasi War with France | |
The Alien and Sedition Acts | |
The Revolution of 1800 | p. 196 |
Conclusion | p. 198 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 199 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 198 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 199 |
Media Resources | p. 200 |
Key Terms | p. 200 |
People You Should Know | p. 200 |
Review Questions | p. 201 |
The American Mosaic: Yellow Fever in Philadelphia: Pills and Politics | p. 190 |
The People Speak: Gabriel's Revolt | p. 196 |
The Jeffersonians in Power, 1800-1815 | p. 202 |
The Burr-Hamilton Duel | p. 203 |
Jefferson Takes Command | p. 204 |
Who Was Thomas Jefferson? | |
Jefferson's Goal: To Restore Republican Government | |
Reforming the Federal Government | |
War on the Judiciary | |
International Conflict | |
Disunionist Conspiracies | |
The American Eagle Challenges the French Tiger and the British Shark | p. 212 |
"Dambargo" | |
A Second War of Independence | |
Early Defeats | |
The Tide Turns | |
The War's Significance | |
Conclusion | p. 220 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 220 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 221 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 221 |
Media Resources | p. 221 |
Key Terms | p. 222 |
People You Should Know | p. 222 |
Review Questions | p. 222 |
The American Mosaic: The Shawnee Prophet Tenskwatawa and His Warrior Brother Tecumseh | p. 216 |
The People Speak: Religion in the Early Republic | p. 206 |
Nationalism, Economic Growth, and the Roots of Sectional Conflict, 1815-1824 | p. 224 |
Francis Lowell Builds a Textile Mill in Massachusetts | p. 225 |
The Growth of American Nationalism | p. 226 |
Neo-Hamiltonianism | |
Strengthening American Finances | |
Protecting American Industry | |
Conquering Space | |
Judicial Nationalism | |
Defending American Interests in Foreign Affairs | |
The Growth of the American Economy | p. 233 |
Accelerating Transportation | |
Speeding Communications | |
Transforming American Law | |
Resistance to Technological Innovation | |
Early Industrialization | |
The Growth of Cities | |
The Growth of Political Factionalism and Sectionalism | p. 238 |
The Panic of 1819 | |
The Missouri Crisis | |
Conclusion | p. 243 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 243 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 244 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 244 |
Media Resources | p. 244 |
Key Terms | p. 244 |
People You Should Know | p. 245 |
Review Questions | p. 245 |
The American Mosaic: Denmark Vesey and the Slave Conspiracy of 1822 | p. 240 |
The People Speak: Growing Up Female in the Early Republic | p. 227 |
Power and Politics in Jackson's America | p. 246 |
The Election of 1840: Symbol Over Substance | p. 247 |
Political Democratization | p. 248 |
The Expansion of Voting Rights | |
Popular Attacks on Privilege | |
The Rebirth of Parties | p. 251 |
Birth of the Second Party System | |
The Presidency of John Quincy Adams | |
The "American System" and the "Tariff of Abominations" | |
The Election of 1828 | |
Andrew Jackson: The Politics of Egalitarianism | p. 257 |
Expanding the Powers of the Presidency | |
Clearing the Land of Indians | |
Sectional Disputes over Public Lands and Nullification | |
The Bank War | |
The Jacksonian Court | |
Jackson's Legacy | |
Rise of a Political Opposition | p. 266 |
A Party Formed by Coalition | |
Who Were the Whigs? | |
Conclusion | p. 267 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 268 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 267 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 268 |
Media Resources | p. 269 |
Key Terms | p. 269 |
People You Should Know | p. 269 |
Review Questions | p. 269 |
The American Mosaic: The Cholera Epidemic of 1832: Sinners and Saints | p. 252 |
The People Speak: The Trail of Tears | p. 260 |
America's First Age of Reform | p. 270 |
Connecticut Schoolmistress Prudence Crandall Defies The Law | p. 271 |
Sources of the Reform Impulse | p. 272 |
Social Problems on the Rise | |
A New Moral Sensibility | |
The Second Great Awakening | |
Religious Diversity | |
Moral Reform | p. 275 |
Social Reform | p. 276 |
The Problem of Crime in a Free Society | |
The Struggle for Public Schools | |
Asylums for Society's Outcasts | |
Radical Reform | p. 279 |
Early Antislavery Efforts | |
The Rise of Abolitionist Sentiment in the North | |
Abolitionist Arguments and Public Reaction | |
Division Within the Antislavery Movement | |
The Birth of Feminism | |
Catalyst for Women's Rights | |
Utopian Communities | |
Artistic and Cultural Ferment | p. 287 |
American Transcendentalism | |
A Literary Renaissance | |
Ethnic Voices | |
American Art | |
American Popular Culture | p. 294 |
The Popular Novel | |
Forms of Popular Entertainment | |
Conclusion | p. 300 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 301 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 300 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 302 |
Media Resources | p. 302 |
Key Terms | p. 302 |
People You Should Know | p. 302 |
Review Questions | p. 303 |
The American Mosaic: Gouging Fights and Backcountry Honor | p. 296 |
The People Speak: The Struggle for Women's Rights | p. 285 |
The Divided North, The Divided South | p. 304 |
Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin Revitalizes Slavery | p. 305 |
A Divided Culture | p. 306 |
The Emergence of a New Industrial Order in the North | p. 307 |
The Transformation of the Rural Countryside | |
The Disruption of the Artisan System of Labor | |
The Introduction of the Factory System | |
Labor Protests | |
The Movement for a 10-Hour Day | |
The Laboring Poor | |
Immigration Begins | |
The Divided North | |
Southern Distinctiveness | p. 318 |
The Plantation Legend | |
The Old South: Images and Realities | |
Impact of Slavery on the Southern Economy | |
Growth of a Distinctive Southern Identity | |
The Decline of Antislavery Sentiment in the South | |
"Reforming" Slavery from Within | |
Southern Nationalism | |
Southern Radicalism | |
Slavery | p. 324 |
The Legal Status of Slaves | |
Slave Labor | |
Material Conditions of Slave Life | |
Slave Family Life | |
Slave Cultural Expression | |
Slave Resistance | |
Free African Americans | |
Conclusion | p. 330 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 331 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 331 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 332 |
Media Resources | p. 332 |
Key Terms | p. 333 |
People You Should Know | p. 333 |
Review Questions | p. 333 |
The American Mosaic: Policing the Pre-Civil War City | p. 316 |
The People Speak: The Irish Potato Famine | p. 313 |
Cultures Collide in the Far West | p. 334 |
Social Bandits: Robin Hoods of The Southwest | p. 335 |
The Hispanic and Native American West | p. 336 |
Spanish America | |
The Mission System | |
Impact of Mexican Independence | |
Native Americans | |
Impact of Contact | |
The Surge Westward | p. 338 |
Opening the West | |
Pathfinders | |
Mountain Men | |
Trailblazing | |
Settling the Far West | |
Life on the Trail | |
Manifest Destiny | p. 342 |
Gone to Texas | |
The Texas Question | |
Webster-Ashburton Treaty | |
Oregon | |
The Mormon Frontier | |
War with Mexico | p. 350 |
Why War? | |
The War | |
War Fever and Antiwar Protests | |
Peace | |
The Fate of Mexican Americans | |
The War's Significance | |
Political Crisis of the 1840s | |
The Gold Rush | |
Conclusion | p. 358 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 357 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 358 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 358 |
Media Resources | p. 358 |
Key Terms | p. 359 |
People You Should Know | p. 359 |
Review Questions | p. 359 |
The American Mosaic: Tejanos at the Alamo | p. 346 |
The People Speak: A San Francisco Merchant Protests Discrimination Against the Chinese | p. 356 |
The House Divided | p. 360 |
John Smith Dye and The Slave Power Conspiracy | p. 361 |
The Crisis of 1850 | p. 363 |
The South's Dilemma | |
The Compromise of 1850: The Illusion of Sectional Peace | |
The Fugitive Slave Law | |
Disintegration of the Party System | p. 370 |
The Know Nothings | |
Young America | |
The Kansas-Nebraska Act | |
Revival of the Slavery Issue | |
The Gathering Storm | p. 374 |
"Bleeding Kansas" and "Bleeding Sumner" | |
The Election of 1856 | |
The Supreme Court Speaks | |
The Lecompton Compromise: "A Swindle and a Fraud" | |
Crisis of the Union | p. 379 |
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates | |
Harpers Ferry | |
Conclusion | p. 383 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 383 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 383 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 384 |
Media Resources | p. 384 |
Key Terms | p. 384 |
People You Should Know | p. 385 |
Review Questions | p. 385 |
The American Mosaic: Physicians and Planters, Prescription for Slave Medical Care | p. 366 |
The People Speak: John Brown Defends His Raid on Harpers Ferry | p. 382 |
A Nation Shattered by Civil War, 1860-1865 | p. 386 |
Thomas Rushin and Alvin Flint, Jr.: "Johnny Reb" and "Billy Yank" at Antietam | p. 387 |
From Secession to Full-Scale War | p. 388 |
Electing a New President | |
Secession Rends the Union | |
Lincoln Takes Command | |
An Accounting of Resources | |
"Forward to Richmond!" and "On to Washington" | p. 395 |
Planning the Union Offensive | |
Yankee Reverses and Rebel Victories in the East | |
Federal Breakthrough in the West | |
To and From Emancipation: The War on the Home Front | p. 400 |
An Abundance of Confederate Shortages | |
Directing the Northern War Effort | |
Issuing the Emancipation Proclamation | |
Emancipation Tests Northern Resolve | |
Breaking Confederate Resistance, 1863-1865 | p. 409 |
The Tide Turns: Gettysburg and Vicksburg | |
Crushing Blows from Grant and Sherman | |
Total War Forces Surrender | |
Conclusion | p. 417 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 416 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 417 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 418 |
Media Resources | p. 418 |
Key Terms | p. 419 |
People You Should Know | p. 419 |
Review Questions | p. 419 |
The American Mosaic: Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg | p. 410 |
The People Speak: A Request for Equal Pay for Equal Work | p. 408 |
Map Essay: Antietam: "We Will Make Our Stand" | p. 400 |
The Nation Reconstructed: North, South, and the West, 1865-1877 | p. 420 |
Thomas Pinckney Confronts His Former Slaves | p. 421 |
Postwar Conditions and Issues | p. 423 |
The War's Impact on Individuals | |
Unresolved Issues | |
Presidential Reconstruction | p. 427 |
Lincoln's Plan | |
Johnson's Plan | |
Black Codes in the South | |
Congressional Reconstruction | p. 429 |
"Radical" Reconstruction | |
Black Suffrage | |
Reconstruction in the South | p. 434 |
Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, and Black Republicans | |
Character of Republican Rule | |
Black and White Economic and Social Adaptation | |
Violent White Resistance | |
Reconstruction in the North and West | p. 441 |
Northern Shifts in Attitudes | |
Western Expansion, Racism, and Native Americans | |
Final Retreat from Reconstruction | |
Conclusion | p. 448 |
Chronology of Key Events | p. 448 |
Chapter Summary and Key Points | p. 449 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 449 |
Media Resources | p. 450 |
Key Terms | p. 451 |
People You Should Know | p. 451 |
Review Questions | p. 451 |
The American Mosaic: Day of Jubilo: Slaves Confront Emancipation | p. 424 |
The People Speak: Testimony Against the Klan | p. 440 |
Appendix | |
The Declaration of Independence | p. 2 |
The Constitution of the United States of America | p. 4 |
Amendments to the Constitution | p. 9 |
Presidential Elections | p. 14 |
Present Day United States | p. 18 |
Present Day World | p. 20 |
Glossary | p. 1 |
Credits | p. 1 |
Index | p. 1 |
Expanded Chapter Review and Practice Tests | p. 1 |
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