American Indian Languages

by ;
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2000-08-01
Publisher(s): Univ of Arizona Pr
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Summary

This comprehensive surveyof indigenous languages of the New World introduces students and general readers to the mosaic of American Indian languages and cultures and offers an approach to grasping their subtleties. Authors Silver and Miller demonstrate the complexity and diversity of these languages while dispelling popular misconceptions. Their text reveals the linguistic richness of languages found throughout the Americas, emphasizing those located in the western United States and Mexico, while drawing on a wide range of other examples found from Canada to the Andes. It introduces readers to such varied aspects of communicating as directionals and counting systems, storytelling, expressive speech, Mexican Kickapoo whistle speech, and Plains sign language. The authors have included basics of grammar and historical linguistics, while emphasizing such issues as speech genres and other sociolinguistic issues and the relation between language and worldview. They have incorporated a variety of data that have rarely or never received attention in nontechnical literature in order to underscore the linguistic diversity of the Americas, and have provided more extensive language classification lists than are found in most other texts.American Indian Languages: Cultural and Social Contextsis a comprehensive resource that will serve as a text in undergraduate and lower-level graduate courses on Native American languages and provide a useful reference for students of American Indian literature or general linguistics. It also introduces general readers interested in Native Americans to the amazing diversity and richness of indigenous American languages.Coverage includes:Achumawi, Acoma, Algonquin, Apache, Araucanian, Arawakan, Athapascan, Atsugewi, Ayamara, Bacairi, Bella Coola, Beothuk, Biloxi, Blackfoot, Caddoan, Cahto, Cahuilla, Cakchiquel, Carib, Cayuga, Chemehuevi, Cherokee, Chibchan, Chichimec, Chimakuan, Chimariko, Chinook, Chipewyan, Choctaw-Chickasaw, Chol, Cocopa, Coeur d'Alene, Comanche, Coos, Cora, Cree, Creek, Crow, Cubeo, Cupeño, Dakota, Delaware, Diegueño, Eskimo-Aleut, Esselen, Eyak, Fox, Gros Ventre, Guaraní, Guarijío, Haida, Havasupai, Hill Patwin, Hopi, Huastec, Huave, Hupa, Inuit-Inupiaq, Iroquois, Jaqaru, Je, Jicaque, Kalapuyan, Kamia, Karankawas, Karuk, Kashaya, Keres, Kickapoo, Kiliwa, Kiowa-Tanoan, Koasati, Konkow, Kuna, Kwakiutl, Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai, Lakota, Lenca, Luiseño, Maidu, Mapuche, Markoosie, Mayan, Mazahua, Mazatec, Métis, Mexica, Micmac, Misumalpan, Mitchif, Miwok, Mixe-Zoquean, Mixtec, Mobilian, Mohave, Mohawk, Muskogean, Nahuatl, Natchez, Navajo, Nez Perce, Nheengatú, Nicola, Nomlaki, Nootka, Ojibwa, Oneida, O'odham, Otomí, Paiute, Palaihnihan, Panamint, Panoan, Paya, Pima, Pipil, Pomo, Poplocan, Pueblo, Puquina, Purpecha, Quechua, Quiché, Quileute, Sahaptian, Salish, Seneca, Sequoyah, Seri, Serrano, Shasta, Shoshoni, Sioux, Sirenikski, Slavey, Subtiaba-Tlapanec, Taíno, Takelma, Tanaina, Tarahumara, Tequistlatecan, Tewa, Tlingit, Toba, Toltec, Totonac, Tsimshian, Tubatulabal, Tukano, Tunica, Tupí, Ute, Uto-Aztecan, Vaupés, Venture¤o, Wakashan, Walapai, Wappo, Washo, Wintu, Wiyot, Xinca, Yahi, Yana, Yokuts, Yucatec, Yuchi, Yuki, Yuma, Yurok, Zapotec, Zoquean, Zuni

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations
xv
List of Tables
xv
Preface xvii
Part I: Overview 1(14)
Languages and Their Status
3(12)
Popular Misconceptions
3(3)
Diversity
3(1)
``Primitive'' Languages
4(1)
Speech, Writing, and Nonliterate Societies
5(1)
Population and Language Diversity
6(3)
Language Vitality
9(1)
Language and Government Policy
10(2)
Literacy and Language Maintenance
12(3)
Sources
13(1)
Suggested Readings
14(1)
Part II: Languages and Structures 15(32)
Languages and Structures
17(30)
Sound Systems
18(1)
Grammatical Systems
19(1)
Possession: Example from Acoma
20(4)
Gender: Example from Plains Cree
24(3)
Number: Example from Shasta
27(1)
Person Reference: Examples from Aztec and Shoshoni
28(4)
Classifying Verbs: Examples from the Apachean Languages
32(2)
Evidentials: Examples from the Andes
34(4)
Sound Symbolism in California Languages
38(2)
Fundamentals of Language Expression
40(7)
Common Grammatical Features
41(1)
Tense and Aspect Marking
41(1)
Case Marking
41(1)
Other Grammatical Features
42(1)
Inclusive-exclusive Distinction
42(1)
Number
42(1)
Reduplication
43(1)
Suppletion
43(1)
Location-direction Affixation
43(1)
Instrumental Prefixes
43(1)
Noun-object Incorporation
44(1)
Sources
44(1)
Suggested Readings
45(2)
Part III: Languages and Cultural Domains 47(30)
Languages and Cultural Domains
49(28)
Cultural Domain and Plant Taxonomy: Kashaya Pomo
50(5)
Cultural Domain and Geographic Orientation
55(2)
Guarijio Directionals
55(2)
Other Directional Systems
57(1)
Cultural Domain and Geographic Orientation
57(3)
Chumash Placenames
57(2)
Other Placenames
59(1)
Languages and Social Space: Shoshoni Deixis
60(2)
Language and Counting Systems
62(4)
The Aztec Vigesimal System
62(2)
Other Counting Systems
64(1)
California Counting Systems
65(1)
Counting Systems in the Americas
66(1)
Classificatory Systems and World View:
Numeral Classifiers in Northwest California Languages
66(3)
Worldview and the Hopi
69(2)
Worldview, Classificatory Systems, and Navajo
71(1)
The Cultural Uses of Taxonomies: The Slave Classification of Ice
72(1)
Language, Cognition, and Culture
73(4)
Sources
74(1)
Suggested Readings
75(2)
Part IV: Languages and Social Domains 77(128)
Languages and Social Organization
79(43)
Language Communities in the Great Basin
79(9)
Social Groupings
81(2)
Linguistic Enculturation
83(1)
Fashions of Speaking and Cultural Focus
84(2)
Fashions of Speaking and Social Category
86(1)
Multilingualism and Multidialectalism
86(1)
Linguistic Awareness and Attitudes
87(1)
Language Communities in the Pueblos
88(5)
Social Groupings
89(1)
Linguistic Enculturation
90(1)
Fashions of Speaking and Cultural Focus
90(1)
Fashions of Speaking and Social Category
91(1)
Multilingualism and Multidialectalism
92(1)
Linguistic Awareness and Attitudes
93(1)
Language Communities of the Creek Confederacy
93(5)
Bilingualism
95(1)
Fashions of Speaking
96(1)
Linguistic Awareness and Attitudes
97(1)
Language Communities of the Aztec Empire
98(16)
Social Groupings
101(2)
Education and the Verbal Arts
103(1)
Fashions of Speaking and the Verbal Arts
104(1)
Oratory and Moral Instruction
105(1)
Poetry
106(1)
Historical Chronicles
106(1)
Doublets and Metaphors
107(1)
The Place of Writing
108(2)
The Place of Nahuatl in Mesoamerica
110(2)
Markets, Traders, and Artisans
112(2)
Speech Community, the Social Group, and Culture
114(8)
Society, Language Boundaries, and Linguistic Diversity
115(2)
Culture, Belief Systems, and Language
117(1)
Limiting Factors
117(1)
American Indian Speech Communities Today
118(1)
Sources
119(2)
Suggested Readings
121(1)
Performers and Performances
122(29)
California Storytellers and Storytelling
122(4)
A Conversation with a California Storyteller
126(2)
Bungling Host, Benevolent Host: A Chinook Narrative
128(2)
An Old Lady's Lament: A Havasupai Song
130(5)
Male Shooting Chant Evil-chasing: A Navajo Prayer
135(4)
The Language of Three Kuna Performance Types
139(5)
Performances and Cross-cultural Comparison
144(2)
Prose, Poetry, and Playwriting
146(5)
Sources
148(1)
Suggested Readings
149(2)
Fashions of Speaking
151(21)
Speech and Social Category: Respect Speech among the Aztec and Guarijio
153(4)
Aztec Reverential
153(2)
Guarijio Speaking for Two
155(1)
Respect Speech
156(1)
Speech and Social Category: Men's and Women's Speech in Yana
157(2)
Baby Talk in Cocopa
159(5)
Expressive Speech: Swearing, Speech Play, and Word Taboo
164(2)
Diminutive, Augmentative, and Expressive Speech in the Northwest Coast
166(2)
Form and Function
168(4)
Sources
170(1)
Suggested Readings
170(2)
Nonverbal Communication
172(16)
Silence: The Western Apache
173(1)
Kickapoo and Mazatec Whistle Speech
174(3)
Kickapoo Whistle Speech
174(2)
Mazatec Whistle Speech
176(1)
Plains Sign Language
177(6)
The System
177(4)
Origin, Use, and Function
181(2)
Direct-signaling Systems and Their Communicative Purposes
183(5)
Long Distance Systems
183(1)
Picture ``Writing''
184(1)
Wampum
185(1)
Totem Carvings
186(1)
Quipus
186(1)
Sources
186(1)
Suggested Readings
187(1)
The Written Word
188(17)
Mesoamerican Writing
188(2)
The Mayan Hieroglyphic System
190(3)
Aztec Writing
193(2)
The Use of Writing in Mesoamerica
195(1)
The Invention of the Cherokee Syllabary
195(2)
The Use of the Cherokee Syllabary
197(2)
The Cree Syllabary
199(1)
Other Post-Columbian Writing Traditions
200(1)
Writing and Its Uses
201(4)
Sources
203(1)
Suggested Readings
204(1)
Part V: Languages in Contact 205(62)
Multilingualism
207(17)
The Vaupes
208(4)
California
212(6)
Marriage
215(1)
Ritual Alliances
215(2)
Trade
217(1)
The Inca Empire
218(1)
Paraguay
219(3)
Navajo Code Talkers
222(2)
Sources
223(1)
Suggested Readings
223(1)
Lingua Francas
224(12)
Pidgins and Creoles
225(1)
Chinook Jargon
226(6)
Other American Indian Pidgins
232(1)
Mobilian
232(1)
Other Pidgins
232(1)
The Vaupes: Lingua Francas
233(3)
Sources
235(1)
Suggested Readings
235(1)
Language Contact
236(31)
Loanwords in Huasteca Nahuatl
236(2)
Lake Miwok: A Case of Borrowing and Structural Change
238(3)
Lexical Acculturation in a Colonial Setting
241(8)
Mountain Pima
241(6)
Comanche
247(1)
Semantic Extension in Western Apache
248(1)
A Shift to the Colonial Languages
249(4)
Mitchif: A Special Case
253(4)
Changes in the Americas' Colonia Languages
257(6)
American English
257(2)
Mexican Spanish
259(3)
Andean Spanish
262(1)
Language Contact and Bilingualism
263(4)
Sources
266(1)
Suggested Readings
266(1)
Part VI: Languages in Time and Space 267(84)
Languages and Shared Histories
269(45)
The Cree Dialects
270(1)
Characteristic Features
271(2)
Dialect Differences
273(4)
The Uto-Aztecan Family
277(15)
Cognates and Regular Sound Correspondences
279(5)
Loanwords
284(1)
Internal Classification
285(5)
Time Depth, Dating, and Glottochronology
290(2)
The Possession of ``Pet'': An Areal Trait in the Southwest
292(4)
A Linguistic Area: Mesoamerica
296(4)
Sound Symbolism: A Diffusional Trait of the Pacific Coast
300(3)
California: Language Families and Diffusional Areas
303(6)
Genetic Units
303(1)
Hokan
304(1)
Penutian
304(1)
Other Genetic Units
305(1)
Diffusion of Linguistic Traits
306(1)
Front and Back [t], a Diffused Phonetic Trait
307(1)
Other Diffused Phonetic Traits
308(1)
Number Systems
308(1)
Discovering Remote Relationships
309(5)
Algic
309(1)
Macro-Siouan
310(1)
History of Classification
311(2)
Sources
313(1)
Suggested Readings
313(1)
The Use of Language as a Tool for Prehistory
314(23)
Navajo Etymologies, and Reconstructed Vocabulary
314(3)
The Algonquian Homeland
317(3)
The Numic Homeland
320(3)
Early Spanish and Aztec Loans in Northwest Mexico
323(8)
Nonlinguistic Information Gleaned from Linguistic Evidence
328(2)
Establishing the Direction of Borrowing
330(1)
California Revisited
331(6)
Distribution and Diversity
331(2)
``The Case of the Broken Bottle''
333(2)
Sources
335(1)
Suggested Readings
336(1)
Spread and Distribution of Language Families
337(14)
Eastern North America
337(3)
Western North America
340(3)
Middle America
343(3)
South America
346(5)
The Highlands
346(1)
The Lowlands
347(1)
The Southern Cone
348(1)
Sources
349(1)
Suggested Reading
349(2)
Appendix I: Phonetic Symbols and Their Meaning 351(8)
Consonants
351(5)
Voicing
351(2)
Place of Articulation
353(2)
Other Consonantal Distinctions: Glottalization, Aspiration, and Length
355(1)
Vowels
356(1)
Additional Comments
357(2)
Appendix 2: A List of Language Families of North America 359(20)
Alphabetical Guide to the List
360(5)
Language Families of North America
365(14)
Bibliography 379(46)
Index 425

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