Summary
This comprehensive surveyof indigenous languages of the New World introduces students and general readers to the mosaic of American Indian languages and cultures and offers an approach to grasping their subtleties. Authors Silver and Miller demonstrate the complexity and diversity of these languages while dispelling popular misconceptions. Their text reveals the linguistic richness of languages found throughout the Americas, emphasizing those located in the western United States and Mexico, while drawing on a wide range of other examples found from Canada to the Andes. It introduces readers to such varied aspects of communicating as directionals and counting systems, storytelling, expressive speech, Mexican Kickapoo whistle speech, and Plains sign language. The authors have included basics of grammar and historical linguistics, while emphasizing such issues as speech genres and other sociolinguistic issues and the relation between language and worldview. They have incorporated a variety of data that have rarely or never received attention in nontechnical literature in order to underscore the linguistic diversity of the Americas, and have provided more extensive language classification lists than are found in most other texts.American Indian Languages: Cultural and Social Contextsis a comprehensive resource that will serve as a text in undergraduate and lower-level graduate courses on Native American languages and provide a useful reference for students of American Indian literature or general linguistics. It also introduces general readers interested in Native Americans to the amazing diversity and richness of indigenous American languages.Coverage includes:Achumawi, Acoma, Algonquin, Apache, Araucanian, Arawakan, Athapascan, Atsugewi, Ayamara, Bacairi, Bella Coola, Beothuk, Biloxi, Blackfoot, Caddoan, Cahto, Cahuilla, Cakchiquel, Carib, Cayuga, Chemehuevi, Cherokee, Chibchan, Chichimec, Chimakuan, Chimariko, Chinook, Chipewyan, Choctaw-Chickasaw, Chol, Cocopa, Coeur d'Alene, Comanche, Coos, Cora, Cree, Creek, Crow, Cubeo, Cupeño, Dakota, Delaware, Diegueño, Eskimo-Aleut, Esselen, Eyak, Fox, Gros Ventre, GuaranÃ, GuarijÃo, Haida, Havasupai, Hill Patwin, Hopi, Huastec, Huave, Hupa, Inuit-Inupiaq, Iroquois, Jaqaru, Je, Jicaque, Kalapuyan, Kamia, Karankawas, Karuk, Kashaya, Keres, Kickapoo, Kiliwa, Kiowa-Tanoan, Koasati, Konkow, Kuna, Kwakiutl, Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai, Lakota, Lenca, Luiseño, Maidu, Mapuche, Markoosie, Mayan, Mazahua, Mazatec, Métis, Mexica, Micmac, Misumalpan, Mitchif, Miwok, Mixe-Zoquean, Mixtec, Mobilian, Mohave, Mohawk, Muskogean, Nahuatl, Natchez, Navajo, Nez Perce, Nheengatú, Nicola, Nomlaki, Nootka, Ojibwa, Oneida, O'odham, OtomÃ, Paiute, Palaihnihan, Panamint, Panoan, Paya, Pima, Pipil, Pomo, Poplocan, Pueblo, Puquina, Purpecha, Quechua, Quiché, Quileute, Sahaptian, Salish, Seneca, Sequoyah, Seri, Serrano, Shasta, Shoshoni, Sioux, Sirenikski, Slavey, Subtiaba-Tlapanec, TaÃno, Takelma, Tanaina, Tarahumara, Tequistlatecan, Tewa, Tlingit, Toba, Toltec, Totonac, Tsimshian, Tubatulabal, Tukano, Tunica, TupÃ, Ute, Uto-Aztecan, Vaupés, Venture¤o, Wakashan, Walapai, Wappo, Washo, Wintu, Wiyot, Xinca, Yahi, Yana, Yokuts, Yucatec, Yuchi, Yuki, Yuma, Yurok, Zapotec, Zoquean, Zuni
Table of Contents
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xv | |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
Part I: Overview |
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1 | (14) |
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Languages and Their Status |
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3 | (12) |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Speech, Writing, and Nonliterate Societies |
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5 | (1) |
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Population and Language Diversity |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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Language and Government Policy |
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10 | (2) |
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Literacy and Language Maintenance |
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12 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
Part II: Languages and Structures |
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15 | (32) |
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17 | (30) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Possession: Example from Acoma |
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20 | (4) |
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Gender: Example from Plains Cree |
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24 | (3) |
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Number: Example from Shasta |
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27 | (1) |
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Person Reference: Examples from Aztec and Shoshoni |
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28 | (4) |
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Classifying Verbs: Examples from the Apachean Languages |
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32 | (2) |
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Evidentials: Examples from the Andes |
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34 | (4) |
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Sound Symbolism in California Languages |
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38 | (2) |
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Fundamentals of Language Expression |
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40 | (7) |
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Common Grammatical Features |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Other Grammatical Features |
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42 | (1) |
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Inclusive-exclusive Distinction |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Location-direction Affixation |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Noun-object Incorporation |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
Part III: Languages and Cultural Domains |
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47 | (30) |
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Languages and Cultural Domains |
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49 | (28) |
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Cultural Domain and Plant Taxonomy: Kashaya Pomo |
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50 | (5) |
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Cultural Domain and Geographic Orientation |
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55 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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Other Directional Systems |
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57 | (1) |
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Cultural Domain and Geographic Orientation |
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57 | (3) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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Languages and Social Space: Shoshoni Deixis |
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60 | (2) |
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Language and Counting Systems |
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62 | (4) |
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The Aztec Vigesimal System |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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California Counting Systems |
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65 | (1) |
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Counting Systems in the Americas |
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66 | (1) |
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Classificatory Systems and World View: |
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Numeral Classifiers in Northwest California Languages |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (2) |
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Worldview, Classificatory Systems, and Navajo |
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71 | (1) |
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The Cultural Uses of Taxonomies: The Slave Classification of Ice |
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72 | (1) |
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Language, Cognition, and Culture |
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73 | (4) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
Part IV: Languages and Social Domains |
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77 | (128) |
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Languages and Social Organization |
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79 | (43) |
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Language Communities in the Great Basin |
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79 | (9) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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Fashions of Speaking and Cultural Focus |
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84 | (2) |
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Fashions of Speaking and Social Category |
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86 | (1) |
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Multilingualism and Multidialectalism |
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86 | (1) |
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Linguistic Awareness and Attitudes |
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87 | (1) |
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Language Communities in the Pueblos |
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88 | (5) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Fashions of Speaking and Cultural Focus |
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90 | (1) |
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Fashions of Speaking and Social Category |
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91 | (1) |
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Multilingualism and Multidialectalism |
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92 | (1) |
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Linguistic Awareness and Attitudes |
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93 | (1) |
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Language Communities of the Creek Confederacy |
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93 | (5) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Linguistic Awareness and Attitudes |
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97 | (1) |
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Language Communities of the Aztec Empire |
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98 | (16) |
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101 | (2) |
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Education and the Verbal Arts |
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103 | (1) |
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Fashions of Speaking and the Verbal Arts |
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104 | (1) |
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Oratory and Moral Instruction |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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The Place of Nahuatl in Mesoamerica |
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110 | (2) |
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Markets, Traders, and Artisans |
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112 | (2) |
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Speech Community, the Social Group, and Culture |
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114 | (8) |
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Society, Language Boundaries, and Linguistic Diversity |
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115 | (2) |
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Culture, Belief Systems, and Language |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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American Indian Speech Communities Today |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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Performers and Performances |
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122 | (29) |
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California Storytellers and Storytelling |
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122 | (4) |
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A Conversation with a California Storyteller |
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126 | (2) |
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Bungling Host, Benevolent Host: A Chinook Narrative |
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128 | (2) |
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An Old Lady's Lament: A Havasupai Song |
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130 | (5) |
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Male Shooting Chant Evil-chasing: A Navajo Prayer |
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135 | (4) |
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The Language of Three Kuna Performance Types |
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139 | (5) |
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Performances and Cross-cultural Comparison |
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144 | (2) |
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Prose, Poetry, and Playwriting |
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146 | (5) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (21) |
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Speech and Social Category: Respect Speech among the Aztec and Guarijio |
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153 | (4) |
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153 | (2) |
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Guarijio Speaking for Two |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Speech and Social Category: Men's and Women's Speech in Yana |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (5) |
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Expressive Speech: Swearing, Speech Play, and Word Taboo |
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164 | (2) |
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Diminutive, Augmentative, and Expressive Speech in the Northwest Coast |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (4) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (16) |
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Silence: The Western Apache |
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173 | (1) |
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Kickapoo and Mazatec Whistle Speech |
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174 | (3) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (6) |
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177 | (4) |
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Origin, Use, and Function |
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181 | (2) |
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Direct-signaling Systems and Their Communicative Purposes |
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183 | (5) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (17) |
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188 | (2) |
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The Mayan Hieroglyphic System |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (2) |
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The Use of Writing in Mesoamerica |
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195 | (1) |
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The Invention of the Cherokee Syllabary |
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195 | (2) |
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The Use of the Cherokee Syllabary |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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Other Post-Columbian Writing Traditions |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (4) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
Part V: Languages in Contact |
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205 | (62) |
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207 | (17) |
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208 | (4) |
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212 | (6) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (2) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (12) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (6) |
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Other American Indian Pidgins |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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The Vaupes: Lingua Francas |
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233 | (3) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (31) |
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Loanwords in Huasteca Nahuatl |
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236 | (2) |
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Lake Miwok: A Case of Borrowing and Structural Change |
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238 | (3) |
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Lexical Acculturation in a Colonial Setting |
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241 | (8) |
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241 | (6) |
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247 | (1) |
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Semantic Extension in Western Apache |
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248 | (1) |
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A Shift to the Colonial Languages |
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249 | (4) |
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253 | (4) |
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Changes in the Americas' Colonia Languages |
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257 | (6) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (3) |
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262 | (1) |
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Language Contact and Bilingualism |
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263 | (4) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
Part VI: Languages in Time and Space |
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267 | (84) |
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Languages and Shared Histories |
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269 | (45) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (4) |
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277 | (15) |
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Cognates and Regular Sound Correspondences |
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279 | (5) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (5) |
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Time Depth, Dating, and Glottochronology |
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290 | (2) |
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The Possession of ``Pet'': An Areal Trait in the Southwest |
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292 | (4) |
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A Linguistic Area: Mesoamerica |
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296 | (4) |
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Sound Symbolism: A Diffusional Trait of the Pacific Coast |
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300 | (3) |
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California: Language Families and Diffusional Areas |
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303 | (6) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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Diffusion of Linguistic Traits |
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306 | (1) |
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Front and Back [t], a Diffused Phonetic Trait |
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307 | (1) |
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Other Diffused Phonetic Traits |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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Discovering Remote Relationships |
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309 | (5) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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History of Classification |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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The Use of Language as a Tool for Prehistory |
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314 | (23) |
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Navajo Etymologies, and Reconstructed Vocabulary |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (3) |
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320 | (3) |
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Early Spanish and Aztec Loans in Northwest Mexico |
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323 | (8) |
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Nonlinguistic Information Gleaned from Linguistic Evidence |
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328 | (2) |
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Establishing the Direction of Borrowing |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (6) |
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Distribution and Diversity |
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331 | (2) |
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``The Case of the Broken Bottle'' |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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Spread and Distribution of Language Families |
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337 | (14) |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (3) |
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343 | (3) |
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346 | (5) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
Appendix I: Phonetic Symbols and Their Meaning |
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351 | (8) |
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351 | (5) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (2) |
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Other Consonantal Distinctions: Glottalization, Aspiration, and Length |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
Appendix 2: A List of Language Families of North America |
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359 | (20) |
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Alphabetical Guide to the List |
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360 | (5) |
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Language Families of North America |
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365 | (14) |
Bibliography |
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379 | (46) |
Index |
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425 | |