
Anxiety 101
by Zeidner, Moshe-
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Summary
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
What Is This Thing Called Anxiety? | p. 4 |
Anxiety, Versus Fear | p. 5 |
Trait Versus State Anxiety | p. 8 |
Facets of State Anxiety | p. 9 |
Normal Versus Clinical Anxiety | p. 10 |
General Versus Contextualized Anxiety | p. 11 |
Anxiety: What Is it Good For? | p. 12 |
Facets of Anxiety: Unpacking the Anxiety Response | p. 15 |
The Cognitive Facet | p. 15 |
The Affective/Somatic Facet | p. 17 |
The Behavioral Facet | p. 18 |
Major Forms of Anxiety in Modern Society | p. 20 |
Test Anxiety | p. 20 |
Math Anxiety | p. 23 |
Computer Anxiety | p. 26 |
Sports Anxiety | p. 29 |
Social Anxiety | p. 32 |
Terror-Related Anxiety and Trauma | p. 36 |
Summary: Key Issues in Anxiety Research | p. 39 |
How Do We Best Assess Anxiety | p. 43 |
Subjective Scales for Measuring Anxiety | p. 49 |
General Subjective Measures | p. 50 |
Anxiety in Context | p. 56 |
Physiological Measures of Anxiety | p. 60 |
Questionable Construct Validity | p. 61 |
Low Convergence of Physiological Measures | p. 62 |
Poor Reliability | p. 63 |
Response Specificity | p. 64 |
Behavioral Measures of Anxiety | p. 67 |
Implicit Anxiety Measures | p. 69 |
Performance Measures | p. 70 |
Gender and Age Differences | p. 71 |
Gender Differences | p. 72 |
Age Differences | p. 75 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 77 |
Theories and Perspectives on Anxiety | p. 79 |
Of Historical Interest | p. 80 |
The Psychoanalytical Model | p. 80 |
Learning Models of Anxiety | p. 86 |
Drive Theory | p. 89 |
Biological Perspectives | p. 92 |
Evolutionary Perspectives | p. 92 |
Functional Neurobiological Perspectives | p. 94 |
Cognitive Models | p. 104 |
Appraisal Theories | p. 104 |
State-Trait Interactional and Transactional Models of Anxiety | p. 106 |
Self-Control (Regulation) Model of Anxiety | p. 108 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 112 |
What are the Origins of Anxiety | p. 115 |
Some Basic Issues | p. 117 |
Temperament in Children | p. 118 |
Longitudinal Studies | p. 119 |
Generational Effects | p. 122 |
Heredity and Environment | p. 123 |
A Family Affair: Behavior Genetic Studies | p. 124 |
Molecular Genetics: DNA for Anxiety | p. 126 |
Environmental Influences | p. 127 |
Anxiety, As a Product of Genes and Environment | p. 128 |
Family Environment: How to Raise An Anxious Child | p. 130 |
Prenatal Maternal Environment | p. 130 |
Attachment Processes | p. 131 |
Child-Rearing Practices | p. 134 |
Anxiety in Context: The School Environment | p. 139 |
Competitive Climate | p. 142 |
Evaluative Orientation and Practice | p. 143 |
Social Comparison | p. 143 |
History of Failure Experiences | p. 146 |
In Sum | p. 147 |
How Does Anxiety Affect Cognitive Outcomes? | p. 151 |
Anxiety and Cognitive Performance | p. 154 |
Mediating Versus Moderating Factors | p. 159 |
Theoretical Perspectives | p. 161 |
Information-Processing Models | p. 161 |
Attentional Control Theory | p. 167 |
Self-Regulative Theory of Anxiety | p. 169 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 174 |
Does Intervention Help? | p. 177 |
Normative Versus Pathological Anxiety | p. 178 |
Theoretical Conceptions of Pathological Anxiety | p. 185 |
Dynamics of Cognitive Vulnerability | p. 188 |
Coping With Anxiety | p. 190 |
Effectiveness of Coping Strategies | p. 194 |
Stress Management and the Training of Coping Skills | p. 197 |
Clinical Interventions | p. 199 |
Emotion-Focused Interventions | p. 199 |
Cognitively Oriented Interventions | p. 203 |
Metacognitive Interventions | p. 205 |
Pharmacotherapy | p. 206 |
Clinical Considerations | p. 211 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 215 |
Looking Ahead to a Cognitive Science of Anxiety | p. 217 |
Cognitive Models of Anxiety As Standard Theory | p. 218 |
Origins of Anxiety | p. 219 |
Consequences of Anxiety | p. 221 |
Interventions | p. 222 |
Toward a Cognitive Science of Anxiety | p. 224 |
Cognitive Neuroscience | p. 226 |
Anxiety and Self-Knowledge | p. 229 |
Challenges to Cognitive Theory | p. 231 |
Challenges in Measurement: What Are Questionnaires Missing? | p. 232 |
The Challenge From Embodiment: Is Anxiety a Somatic State? | p. 233 |
The Challenge From Animal Models: Is Human Anxiety Nothing Special? | p. 235 |
The Challenge From Social Psychology: Is Anxiety Personalized? | p. 236 |
Conclusions | p. 238 |
References | p. 241 |
Index | p. 275 |
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