Applied Combustion Diagnostics,9781560329138

Applied Combustion Diagnostics

by
Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9781560329138
ISBN10: 1560329130
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2002-04-26
Publisher(s): CRC Press
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Summary

Assists in providing guidance for the planning of combustion experiments, in judging research strategies and in conceiving new ideas for combustion research. Provides a snapshot of the available diagnostic methods and their typical applications from the perspective of leading experts in the field. Softcover available.

Table of Contents

Contributors xvii
Preface xxiii
Introduction
1(6)
Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus
Jay B. Jeffries
Motivation
1(2)
Background
3(1)
Organization
3(3)
References
6(1)
Part I TECHNIQUES 7(280)
Detection of Minor Species with Laser Techniques
9(60)
Kermit C. Smyth
David R. Crosley
Introduction
9(1)
Laser-Based Measurement Techniques for Minor Species
10(5)
Laser-Induced Fluorescence
15(12)
Comparison With Models of Combustion Chemistry
27(1)
Other Minor Species
28(1)
References
28(5)
Appendix: Literature Review of Flame Measurements of Minor Constituents
33(36)
Coherent Techniques for Measurements with Intermediate Concentrations
69(29)
Thomas Dreier
Paul Ewart
Introduction
69(3)
Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM)
72(9)
Laser-Induced Thermal Grating Spectroscopy (LITGS)
81(2)
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)
83(3)
Polarization Spectroscopy (PS)
86(6)
Conclusions
92(1)
References
92(6)
Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy for Concentration Measurements
98(30)
Andrew McIlroy
Jay B. Jeffries
Introduction
98(1)
Background and Motivation
99(2)
The Cavity Ringdown Method
101(9)
Specific Species Detected by CRD in Flames
110(9)
Future Directions
119(2)
Conclusions
121(1)
References
122(6)
Short-Pulse Techniques: Picosecond Fluorescence, Energy Transfer, and ``Quench-Free'' Measurements
128(27)
Andreas Brockhinke
Mark A. Linne
Introduction
128(1)
Basic Physical Concepts
129(4)
Instrumentation
133(11)
Typical Applications, Advantages, and Disadvantages
144(6)
Summary and Perspectives
150(1)
References
151(4)
Measurement of Temperature in Laboratory Flames and Practical Devices
155(39)
Winfried P. Stricker
Introduction
155(1)
General Remarks on Temperature Measurements
156(2)
Temperature Measurements by Laser-Spectroscopic Techniques
158(19)
Selected Examples of Temperature Measurements
177(7)
Conclusions
184(2)
References
186(8)
Flow-Field Diagnostics
194(30)
Richard B. Miles
Introduction
194(1)
Historical Sketch
195(4)
The Challenge
199(1)
Imaging of Scalar Properties
200(8)
Measurement of Transport Properties
208(7)
Summary
215(2)
References
217(7)
Multidimensional Diagnostics in Space and Time
224(28)
Clemens F. Kaminski
Marshall B. Long
Introduction
224(1)
Fundamentals
225(7)
Applications
232(13)
Conclusions, Future Outlook
245(1)
References
246(6)
Laser-Induced Incandescence
252(35)
Robert J. Santoro
Christopher R. Shaddix
Introduction
252(1)
Previous LII Studies
253(1)
Theoretical Analysis
254(6)
Experimental Approach
260(8)
Calibration
268(6)
Results
274(6)
Conclusions
280(1)
References
281(6)
Part II APPLICATIONS 287(212)
Fuel-Rich Chemistry and Soot Precursors
289(28)
Burak Atakan
Heidi Bohm
Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus
Introduction
289(1)
Reaction Systems
290(4)
Modeling
294(2)
Experimental Techniques and Strategies
296(8)
Combination of Diagnostic Methods
304(6)
References
310(7)
Combustion Chemistry of Fire Suppression
317(19)
Bradley A. Williams
James W. Fleming
Background
317(2)
General Principles of Inhibition
319(3)
Application of Optical Diagnostics to Suppression Chemistry
322(1)
Kinetic Mechanisms of Inhibitors
323(8)
Summary
331(1)
References
332(4)
Sum-Frequency Generation (SFG) Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Means for the Investigation of Catalytic Combustion
336(23)
Hans-Robert Volpp
Jurgen Wolfrum
Introduction
336(2)
Fundamentals of Infrared-Visible SFG Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy
338(5)
Experimental Arrangement for In-Situ Diagnostics of Catalytic Combustion Using SFG
343(2)
CO Adsorption/Desorption Studies on a Polycrystalline Pt Foil
345(3)
CO Combustion Studies on a Polycrystalline Pt Foil
348(2)
CO Dissociation Studies on Platinum at High Pressure and Temperature
350(2)
Perspectives and Challenges
352(3)
References
355(4)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Soot Diagnostics by Optical Techniques
359(25)
Alfred Leipertz
Frederik Ossler
Marcus Alden
Introduction
359(1)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
360(8)
Soot Diagnostics by Optical Techniques
368(1)
Soot Measurements Using Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII)
369(7)
Conclusions
376(1)
References
377(7)
Multiscalar Diagnostics in Turbulent Flames
384(24)
Robert S. Barlow
Campbell D. Carter
Robert W. Pitz
Introduction
384(1)
Experimental Design Considerations
385(3)
Application Example 1: Simultaneous Raman/Rayleigh/LIF Point Measurements
388(6)
Application Example 2: 1-D Measurements of Scalar Dissipation
394(2)
Hydrocarbon Fluorescence Interferences: Nature, Avoidance, and Corrections
396(4)
Calibration Burners
400(1)
Considerations of Precision and Accuracy
401(1)
Other Multiscalar Applications in Combustion
401(1)
Outlook for Multiscalar Diagnostics
402(1)
References
402(6)
Laser Diagnostics for Droplet Measurements for the Study of Fuel Injection and Mixing in Gas Turbines and IC Engines
408(23)
Douglas A. Greenhalgh
Mark Jermy
Introduction
408(3)
Basics of Droplet Stability and the Statistics of Sprays
411(2)
Malvern Particle Sizer
413(1)
Phase Doppler Velocimetry
414(4)
Laser Sheet Dropsizing
418(6)
Example Applications and Comparison of Methods
424(4)
References
428(3)
Optical Measurements in DI Diesel Engines
431(21)
Thierry Baritaud
Key Problems Related to Diesel Engines
431(2)
Nozzle Flow
433(1)
Sprays and Mixture Formation
434(8)
Self-Ignition and Combustion
442(4)
Pollutant Measurements
446(2)
Summary and Open Problems for Optical Diagnostics in Diesel Engines
448(2)
References
450(2)
Optical Diagnostics in DI Gasoline Engines
452(27)
Werner Hentschel
Introduction
452(1)
Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines
453(2)
Engines with Optical Access
455(1)
Flow-Field Development
456(5)
Spray Formation
461(4)
Vaporization and Mixing
465(4)
Combustion
469(1)
Pollutant Formation
470(1)
Future Trends in Optical Engine Diagnostics
471(3)
Conclusions
474(1)
References
475(4)
Tunable Diode Laser Sensing and Combustion Control
479(20)
Mark G. Allen
Edward R. Furlong
Ronald K. Hanson
Introduction and Sensor Overview
479(2)
Measurement Fundamentals
481(1)
Sensor Configuration
482(2)
Example TDL Sensing Applications
484(5)
Applications to Combustion, Engine, and Industrial Process Control
489(5)
Future Opportunities and Needs
494(2)
References
496(3)
Part III PERSPECTIVES 499(178)
Diagnostics for Detailed Kinetic Modeling
501(17)
Gregory P. Smith
Introduction
501(2)
Model Uncertainties
503(4)
Computed Temperatures
507(2)
Kinetic Uncertainty
509(5)
Conclusions
514(1)
References
515(3)
Diagnostics for Catalytic Combustion
518(16)
Olaf Deutschmann
Jurgen Warnatz
Introduction to Catalytic Combustion
518(2)
Modeling Catalytic Combustion
520(4)
Development of Surface Reaction Mechanisms
524(4)
Limitations and Challenges
528(2)
Conclusions
530(1)
References
530(4)
Sensor Requirements for Combustion Control
534(27)
Nicolas Docquier
Sebastien Candel
Introduction
534(1)
Combustion Control
535(6)
Control Concepts and Sensor Requirements
541(9)
Conclusions
550(1)
References
551(10)
Diagnostic Challenges for Gas Turbine Combustor Model Validation
561(26)
Andreas Dreizler
Johannes Janicka
Introduction
561(2)
General Aspects
563(4)
Submodel Development and Validation
567(4)
Integral Model Validation
571(6)
Challenges of Laser Diagnostics for Model Validation
577(3)
References
580(7)
Opportunities for Diagnostics in the Combustion Synthesis of Materials
587(19)
Kenneth Brezinsky
Introduction
587(1)
Combustion Synthesis Processes
587(4)
Phenomenological Control and Understanding of Solid/Solid and Solid/Gas Combustion Synthesis
591(2)
Examples of Real-Time Diagnostics for SHS
593(4)
Example of a Diagnostics Opportunity for Gas/Solid SHS
597(3)
Phenomenology of Gas/Gas Flame Synthesis
600(2)
Example of an Opportunity for Diagnostics in Flame Synthesis
602(1)
Conclusions
603(1)
References
604(2)
Diagnostic Requirements for Toxic Emission Control
606(21)
Catherine P. Koshland
Susan L. Fischer
Introduction
606(1)
Characteristics of Air Toxics
607(3)
Human Health Burdens Associated with Air Toxics
610(2)
Two Categories to Address
612(8)
Diagnostic Needs
620(1)
Technology Needs
621(1)
Conclusion
622(1)
References
622(5)
Online Trace Analysis for Time-Resolved Monitoring of Organic Combustion Effluents
627(21)
Ulrich Boesl
Introduction
627(1)
Principle and Features of Resonant Laser MS
628(6)
Trace Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Combustion Engines
634(4)
Approach for Isomer Selective Trace Analysis of PAHs from Combustion Processes Adsorbed on Aerosols and Other Solid Samples
638(2)
Alternative Laser-Based Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Trace Analysis
640(2)
Final Remarks Concerning Laser MS Instruments for Practical Use
642(2)
References
644(4)
Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (TILDAS) Sensors for Combustion Exhaust Pollutant Quantification
648(21)
Mark S. Zahniser
David D. Nelson
Charles E. Kolb
Combustion Exhaust Products and the Atmosphere
648(4)
Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (TILDAS)
652(5)
Combustion Exhaust TILDAS Applications
657(7)
Summary
664(1)
References
665(4)
Continuing Developments
669(8)
Jay B. Jeffries
Katharia Kohse-Hoinghaus
Introduction
669(1)
Infrared Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging
670(1)
Temperature Measurement in Sooting Flames Using Seeded Atoms
671(1)
Detection of Water with Terahertz Absorption
672(1)
CO2 Interferences in Engine Diagnostics
672(1)
Novel Flow-Tagging Velocimetry Approach
672(1)
Advances in Diesel Engine Diagnostics
673(1)
New Diode Laser Sources for Combustion Diagnostics and Control
673(1)
Laser Diagnostics in Combustor Design
674(1)
Summary
674(1)
References
674(3)
Abbreviations 677(5)
Permissions 682(9)
Index 691

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