Basic Statistics for the Health Sciences,9781559349512

Basic Statistics for the Health Sciences

by
Edition: 3rd
ISBN13: 9781559349512
ISBN10: 1559349514
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1998-01-23
Publisher(s): Mayfield Publishing Company
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Table of Contents

Preface xv
1 Statistics and How They Are Used
1(13)
1.1 The Meaning of Statistics
2(1)
What Does "Statistics" Mean?
2(1)
What Do Statisticians Do?
2(1)
1.2 The Uses of Statistics
3(2)
1.3 Why Study Statistics?
5(1)
1.4 Sources of Data
5(4)
Surveys and Experiments
6(1)
Retrospective Studies
6(1)
Prospective Studies
7(1)
Comparison of Ratios
8(1)
Descriptive and Analytical Surveys
9(1)
1.5 Clinical Trials
9(2)
Example: The Salk Vaccine Clinical Trial
10(1)
1.6 Planning of Surveys
11(1)
1.7 How to Succeed in Statistics
11(2)
Exercises
13(1)
2 Populations and Samples
14(9)
2.1 Selecting Appropriate Samples
15(1)
2.2 Why Sample?
16(1)
2.3 How Samples Are Selected
16(1)
2.4 How to Select a Random Sample
17(3)
2.5 Effectiveness of a Random Sample
20(1)
Exercises
21(2)
3 Organizing and Displaying Data
23(21)
3.1 The Use of Numbers in Organizing Data
24(1)
3.2 Quantitative and Qualitative Data
24(4)
3.3 The Frequency Table
28(2)
3.4 Graphing Data
30(10)
Histograms
30(2)
Frequency Polygons
32(1)
Cumulative Frequency Polygons
33(1)
Stem-and-Leaf Displays
34(1)
Bar Charts
35(2)
Pie Charts
37(1)
Box and Whisker Plots
37(3)
Exercises
40(4)
4 Summarizing Data
44(12)
4.1 Measures of Central Tendency
45(3)
The Mean
45(1)
The Median
46(1)
The Mode
46(1)
Which Average Should You Use?
46(2)
4.2 Measures of Variation
48(3)
Range
48(1)
Mean Deviation
48(1)
Standard Deviation
49(2)
4.3 Coefficient of Variation
51(1)
4.4 Means and Standard Deviations of a Population
52(1)
Exercises
53(3)
5 Probability
56(22)
5.1 What Is Probability?
57(3)
5.2 Complementary Events
60(1)
5.3 Probability Rules
60(6)
Multiplication Rules
60(3)
Addition Rule
63(3)
5.4 Counting Rules
66(2)
Rule 1: Number of Ways
66(1)
Rule 2: Permutations
66(1)
Rule 3: Combinations
67(1)
5.5 Probability Distributions
68(1)
5.6 Binomial Distribution
69(4)
Exercises
73(5)
6 The Normal Distribution
78(14)
6.1 The Importance of Normal Distribution
78(2)
6.2 Properties of the Normal Distribution
80(1)
6.3 Areas Under the Normal Curve
81(6)
Exercises
87(5)
7 Sampling Distribution of Means
92(14)
7.1 The Distribution of a Population and the Distribution of Its Sample Means
93(2)
7.2 Central Limit Theorem
95(1)
7.3 Standard Error of the Mean
96(2)
7.4 Student's t Distribution
98(2)
7.5 Application
100(1)
7.6 Assumptions Necessary to Perform t Tests
101(1)
Exercises
102(4)
8 Estimation of Population Means
106(16)
8.1 Estimation
107(1)
8.2 Point Estimates and Confidence Intervals
107(3)
8.3 Two Independent Samples
110(2)
8.4 Confidence Intervals for the Difference Between Two Means
112(3)
8.5 Paired t Test
115(2)
8.6 Determination of Sample Size
117(2)
Exercises
119(3)
9 Tests of Significance
122(23)
9.1 Definitions
123(2)
9.2 Basis for a Test of Significance
125(1)
9.3 Procedure for a Test of Significance
126(2)
9.4 One-Tailed Versus Two-Tailed Tests
128(2)
9.5 Meaning of "Statistically Significant"
130(1)
9.6 Type I and Type II Errors
131(2)
9.7 Test of Significance of Two Independent Sample Means
133(2)
9.8 Relationship of Tests of Significance to Confidence Intervals
135(1)
9.9 Summary Table of Inference Formulas
135(2)
9.10 Sensitivity and Specificity
137(2)
Exercises
139(6)
10 Analysis of Variance
145(18)
10.1 Function of ANOVA
146(1)
10.2 Rationale for ANOVA
147(1)
10.3 ANOVA Calculations
148(2)
10.4 Assumptions
150(1)
10.5 Application
150(3)
10.6 Tukey's HSD Test
153(1)
10.7 Randomized Block Design
154(5)
Exercises
159(4)
11 Inferences Regarding Proportions
163(12)
11.1 Introduction
164(1)
11.2 Mean and Standard Deviation of the Binomial Distribution
164(1)
11.3 Approximation of the Normal to the Binomial Distribution
165(1)
11.4 Test of Significance of a Binomial Proportion
166(2)
11.5 Test of Significance of the Difference Between Two Proportions
168(2)
11.6 Confidence Intervals
170(2)
Confidence Interval for XXX
170(1)
Confidence Interval for the Difference of XXX(1) -- XXX(2)
171(1)
Exercises
172(3)
12 The Chi-Square Test
175(22)
12.1 Rationale for the Chi-Square Test
176(1)
12.2 The Basics of a Chi-Square Test
176(3)
12.3 Types of Chi-Square Tests
179(1)
12.4 Test of Independence Between Two Variables
180(2)
12.5 Test of Homogeneity
182(2)
12.6 Test of Significance of the Difference Between Two Proportions
184(1)
12.7 Two-by-Two Contingency Tables
185(2)
12.8 McNemar's Test for Correlated Proportions
187(1)
12.9 Measures of Strength of Association
188(2)
12.10 Limitations in the Use of Chi-Square
190(1)
Exercises
191(6)
13 Correlation and Linear Regression
197(24)
13.1 Relationship Between Two Variables
198(1)
13.2 Differences Between Correlation and Regression
199(1)
13.3 The Scatter Diagram
200(2)
13.4 The Correlation Coefficient
202(4)
Curvilinear Relationships
205(1)
Coefficient of Determination
205(1)
13.5 Tests of Hypotheses and Confidence Intervals for a Population Correlation Coefficient
206(2)
13.6 Limitations of the Correlation Coefficient
208(2)
13.7 Regression Analysis
210(3)
13.8 Inferences Regarding the Slope of the Regression Line
213(4)
Exercises
217(4)
14 Nonparametric Methods
221(19)
14.1 Rationale for Nonparametric Methods
222(1)
14.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
222(1)
14.3 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test
223(3)
14.4 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
226(2)
14.5 Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA by Ranks
228(2)
Tied Observations
230(1)
14.6 The Sign Test
230(2)
Single Sample
230(1)
Paired Samples
231(1)
14.7 Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient
232(2)
14.8 Fisher's Exact Test
234(2)
Exercises
236(4)
15 Vital Statistics and Demographic Methods
240(19)
15.1 Introduction
241(1)
15.2 Sources of Vital Statistics and Demographic Data
241(4)
The Census
241(1)
Annual Registration of Vital Events
242(1)
Morbidity Surveys
243(2)
15.3 Vital Statistics Rates, Ratios, and Proportions
245(1)
15.4 Measures of Mortality
246(6)
Annual Crude Death Rate
247(1)
Age-Specific Death Rate
247(1)
Cause-Specific Death Rate
247(1)
Cause-Race-Specific Death Rate
248(1)
Proportional Mortality Ratio
248(1)
Maternal Mortality Ratio
249(1)
Infant Mortality Rate
250(1)
Neonatal Mortality Proportion
250(1)
Fetal Death Ratio
251(1)
Perinatal Mortality Proportion
251(1)
15.5 Measures of Fertility
252(1)
Crude Birthrate
252(1)
General Fertility Rate
252(1)
15.6 Measures of Morbidity
253(1)
Incidence Rate
253(1)
Prevalence Proportion
253(1)
Case-Fatality Proportion
254(1)
15.7 Adjustment of Rates
254(4)
The Direct Method
255(1)
The Indirect Method
256(2)
Exercises
258(1)
16 Life Tables
259(13)
16.1 Introduction
259(1)
16.2 Current Life Tables
260(6)
Age Interval [x to (x + n)]
262(1)
Age-Specific Death Rate ((n)m(x))
262(1)
Correction Term ((n)a(x))
262(1)
Corrected (Estimated) Death Rate ((n)q(x))
262(1)
Number Living at Beginning of Age Interval (l(x))
262(1)
Number Dying During Age Interval ((n)d(x))
263(1)
Person-Years Lived in Interval ((n)L(x))
263(1)
Total Number of Person-Years (T(x))
264(1)
Expectation of Life (e(x))
264(2)
16.3 Follow-up Life Tables
266(3)
Construction of a Follow-up Life Table
266(3)
Exercises
269(3)
17 The Health Survey and the Research Report
272(10)
17.1 Planning a Health Survey
272(5)
Step 1: Make a Written Statement of the Purpose
273(1)
Step 2: Formulate Objectives and Hypotheses
274(1)
Step 3: Specify the Target Population
274(1)
Step 4: List the Variables
274(1)
Step 5: Review Existing Data
274(1)
Step 6: Decide How to Collect Data
275(1)
Step 7: Establish the Time Frame
275(1)
Step 8: Design the Questionnaire
275(1)
Step 9: Pretest the Questionnaire
275(1)
Step 10: Select the Sample
276(1)
Step 11: Collect the Data
276(1)
Step 12: Edit and Code the Data
276(1)
Step 13: Analyze the Data
277(1)
Step 14: Report the Findings
277(1)
17.2 Evaluation of a Research Report
277(4)
Observer Bias
278(1)
Sampling Bias
278(1)
Selection Bias
278(1)
Response Bias
278(1)
Dropout Bias
279(1)
Memory Bias
279(1)
Participant Bias
279(1)
Lead-Time Bias
279(1)
Keys to a Systematic Approach
279(2)
Exercises
281(1)
Epilogue
281(1)
Appendix A: Binomial Probability Table 282(3)
Appendix B: Percentiles of the F Distribution 285(4)
Appendix C: Percentage Points of the Studentized Range for 2 Through 20 Treatments 289(4)
Appendix D: Critical Values of n for the Sign Test 293(2)
Appendix E: Random Number Tables 295(3)
Appendix F: Table of Probabilities for the Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA by Ranks 298(2)
Answers to Selected Exercises 300(33)
Bibliography 333(4)
Index 337

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