Beyond the Zone System

by ;
Edition: 4th
Format: Nonspecific Binding
Pub. Date: 1998-11-16
Publisher(s): Routledge
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Summary

This fourth edition of Beyond the Zone System makes the science of photographic sensitometry both accessible and useful to interested photographers. It will appeal to any serious photographer interested in knowing how the materials and processes of black-and-white photography work. Instead of describing rote procedures to be followed blindly, this book provides the basis for understanding what needs to be done and why. This book relates theory to practice in a way that promotes a true partnership of science and art. beyond the Zone System bridges the gap between the more theoretical aspects of the photographic process and the popular empirical procedures used by many photographers in the attempt to predict and control the quality of their photographs in practice. This book is intended primarily for photographers who use large-format cameras and black-and-white sheet film, but the basic information about how the B&W photographic materials and processes work will be useful to users of any B&W film format. Beyond the Zone System, 4th ed. will appeal to any serious photographer interested in knowing how the materials and processes of black-and-white photography work. Instead of describing rote procedures to be followed blindly, this book provides the basis for understanding what needs to be done and why. This book relates theory to practice in a way that promotes a true partnership of science and art.

Author Biography

Phil Davis, a retired professor from the School of Art, University of Michigan, has 36 years of teaching experience to his credit. For 30 years his commercial work appeared regularly in national magazine and newspaper ads, catalogs, brochures, and annual reports. His personal work is represented in many private collections and several prominent galleries.

Table of Contents

Preface ix
CHAPTER 1 Why Sensitometry?
1(8)
CHAPTER 2 Learning the Language
9(14)
What the Numbers Mean
10(2)
Arithmetic Series
12(1)
Geometric Series
12(1)
Stops
13(3)
Logarithms: Numerical Shorthand
16(2)
Graphs and Charts
18(2)
Exercises
20(3)
CHAPTER 3 How to Read and Interpret Characteristic Curves
23(18)
Some Terms Defined
25(1)
The Anatomy of a Characteristic Curve
26(1)
Film Image Formation
27(2)
Curve Gradient Measurements: Gamma (Gamma)
29(1)
Average Gradient (G)
29(1)
Contrast Index (CI)
29(1)
Curve Gradient vs. Developing Time
30(1)
Film Speeds
30(1)
How Development Affects Film Speed
31(2)
How Film Speeds Are Determined
33(1)
Effective Film Speed (EFS)
33(1)
The Paper Curve
34(2)
Standards for Calibrating Paper Curves
36(1)
The Useful Limits of the Paper Curve
36(1)
Review: The Tone Reproduction Cycle
37(4)
CHAPTER 4 From Theory to Practice
41(16)
Drawing Tools and Techniques
41(3)
Analyzing the Paper Curve
44(2)
Flare Compensation
46(1)
Analyzing the Film Curve
47(3)
Locating IDmin
48(1)
Locating IDmax
48(1)
Determining the Subject Range
49(1)
Finding Effective Film Speeds
50(4)
Preparing the Working Charts
54(3)
CHAPTER 5 The Densitometer Dilemma
57(8)
How Densitometers Work
57(1)
Adapting Your Spotmeter for Densitometry
58(2)
Setting Up the Spotmeter/Densitometer
60(1)
The Step Tablet
61(4)
CHAPTER 6 Testing Your Materials
65(22)
Testing Paper: Preparation
65(1)
The Callier Quotient
66(1)
Contact-Printing Test Procedure
66(1)
Calculating the Test Exposure Time
67(1)
Projection Testing
68(1)
Preparing the Step Tablet
68(1)
Projection Test Procedure
69(1)
Testing Film
70(2)
Determining the Film Test Exposure
72(1)
Developing the Test Films: Preparation
72(1)
Tray Development of Sheet Film
73(3)
Tube Development of Sheet Film
76(6)
Testing Roll Film
82(5)
Roll Film Test Exposure
82(2)
Roll Film Development
84(3)
CHAPTER 7 Interpreting the Curves for Working Data
87(22)
Drawing and Analyzing Paper Curves
87(2)
Drawing Film Curves
89(1)
Troubleshooting the Film Test
90(2)
Calibrating Film Curves
92(2)
Locating the Speed Points
94(1)
Analyzing Film Curves
95(2)
Review of Analysis Systems
97(1)
Review of Zones and Stops
98(1)
Extracting Zone System Data from the Curves
99(5)
Extracting Incident System Data from the Curves
104(1)
Alternative Data
105(4)
CHAPTER 8 Getting to Know Your Meter
109(12)
Meter Types: Luminance and Illuminance
109(1)
The Wide-Field Averaging Meter
110(2)
The Spotmeter
112(1)
The Standard Gray Card
113(3)
The Incident Meter
116(1)
Meter Calibration
116(1)
Relating Light Readings to Camera Settings
117(4)
CHAPTER 9 Exposure/Development Control Systems
121(26)
The Zone System
121(1)
The Concept of Zones
122(1)
Metering and Zone Placement
123(2)
The N-Numbers
125(1)
Traditional Test Methods
126(2)
Using the Working Charts: An Example
128(2)
An Alternative: The Incident Meter
130(1)
Determining the SBR with an Incident Meter
131(3)
Metering for the Incident System
134(2)
Appraising Results Without a Densitometer
136(2)
Common Mistakes
138(2)
Incident Metering of Unusual Subjects
140(1)
Creative Incident Metering
141(6)
CHAPTER 10 Image Gradation
147(14)
CHAPTER 11 The Systems Beyond
161(8)
Visualization Aids
161(1)
Computer-Assisted Photography
162(2)
Computer Software: Plotter and Matcher
164(5)
CHAPTER 12 Fine Tuning
169(19)
"Failure" of the Reciprocity Law
169(1)
Testing for Reciprocity Effects
170(3)
Testing for Flare
173(1)
Compensating Your Film Curves for Flare
173(4)
Film Development Variations
177(1)
Water-Bath Development
177(1)
Divided Development
177(2)
Altering Paper Contrast: Preexposure
179(1)
Paper Development Variations
180(4)
Post-Treatment of Prints
184(3)
Conclusion
187(1)
APPENDIX 1 Useful Equations
188(5)
Lens Formulas: f-numbers
188(1)
Lens Field Coverage Calculations
189(1)
G, SBR, N Conversions
190(1)
Depth-of-Field Calculations
191(2)
APPENDIX 2 Densitometer Design and Construction
193(6)
APPENDIX 3 Film Developing Tube
199(2)
APPENDIX 4 Practice Materials
201(5)
APPENDIX 5 The PowerDial
206(5)
Glossary 211(4)
Answers to Chapter 2 Exercises 215(1)
Index 216

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