Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines and Immunotherapies

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2009-06-09
Publisher(s): Wiley
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Summary

The fundamental science and the latest developments in carbohydrate-based vaccinesThe relatively new field of glycoimmunology has emerged from the marriage of glycobiology and immunology, in recognition of the important role carbohydrates play as antigenic determinants. Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines and Immunotherapies comprehensively reviews the state of this exciting field, offering a single source for both the fundamental science and the latest developments.With contributions by leading experts, this resource covers the design, synthesis, evaluation, and applications of various carbohydrate-based vaccines, including polysaccharides, neoglycoproteins, and neoglycolipids. The text approaches vaccine design from a chemical and molecular focus, staying in line with current advances.Key topics covered by Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines and Immunotherapies include:Recent developments towards clinically useful vaccines against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungiUsing adjuvants to improve immunogenicity and/or immunological properties of vaccinesChoosing and designing proper adjuvants for specific targetsAbnormal carbohydrates expressed by tumorsCarbohydrate-based therapeutic cancer vaccines or cancer immunotherapyClinical trials results for synthetic cancer vaccinesGlycoengineering of cell surface carborhydrates and its anticancer applicationsUsing cell surface carbohydrates for disease diagnosisA single, convenient source of state-of-the-art information from leading authorities in the field, Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines and Immunotherapies is an essential reference for organic chemists and biochemists, academic researchers, and other students and professionals involved in vaccine design.

Author Biography

Zhongwu Guo is a Professor of Chemistry at Wayne State University. The winner of the American Chemical Society's 2005 New Investigator Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Dr. Guo serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, speaks regularly at international conferences, and has authored more than ninety peer-reviewed publications.

Geert-Jan Boons is a Franklin Professor of Chemistry at the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CRCR) of the University of Georgia. The winner of the European Carbohydrate Association's Carbohydrate Research Award for Creativity in Carbohydrate Science, and the American Chemical Society's Horace Isbell Award, Dr. Boons serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry.

Table of Contents

Preface
Contributors
Glycobiology and Immunology
Introduction
Glycobiology
Glycosylation - Is it Worth the Cost
Glycan Biosynthesis - A Dauntingly Complex Process
Glycoproteins
Lipid-based Glycans
Polysaccharides: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and Bacterial Capsular Components
The Immune System
Introductory Comments
Overview of the Immune System
Glycoimmunobiology
The Interplay between Glycosylation and Sugars is a Two Way Street
Carbohydrate Antigens
Carbohydrate Antigens in Man
Carbohydrates and Pathogens
Carbohydrate-based Vaccines
Concluding Comments: Building on Success
Acknowledgement
References Cited
Preparation of Glycoconjugate Vaccines
Introduction
Capsular Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugates
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Salmonella typhi Vi
Group B streptococcus
Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and 8
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) conjugates
Escherichia coli O157
Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139
Shigella dysenteriae type 1, sonnei and flexneri 2a
Neisseria meningitidis and Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae
Total synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines
References Cited
Adjuvants for Protein- and Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines
Introduction
Initiation and stimulation of adaptive responses
"Old" adjuvants and formulations
Aluminium
Emulsions
Saponins, QS21, ISCOMS
Liposomes, microParticles
Antigen/formulation targeting
Induction of CD8 CTLs with soluble antigens
Renaissance of innate immunity
TLRs, agonists and roles
Non-TLRs innate receptors
Other receptors involved in antigen capture and recognition
From basic research to practical applications: identification of new adjuvants
TLR synthetic agonists
Combination of PRR agonists
Adjuvants for carbohydrate-based vaccines
Td and Ti B cell responses
Adjuvants for "free" polysaccharides
Adjuvants for glycoconjugate vaccines (T-dependent antigens
Combinations of adjuvants: preclinical and clinical developments
Immunomodulation of existing responses: adjuvants for therapeutic vaccines
Take another route
Adjuvants for mucosal immunization
Epidermal or intradermal routes
Practical aspects of adjuvant development
Regulatory aspects
Safety versus efficacy: risk/benefit ratio
Preclinical models used in adjuvant development
Animal models
In vitro models
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgement
References Cited
Carbohydrate-Based Antibacterial Vaccines
Introduction
Polysaccharide and glycoconjugate immunobiology
Deficiencies in the human immune response to polysaccharides
Glycoconjugate vaccines
Haemophilus influenzae
Hib polysaccharides
Hib conjugate vaccines
Neisseria meningitidis
Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines
Meningococcal conjugate vaccines
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Impact on invasive pneumococcal disease
Impact on acute otitis media
Group B Streptococcus
Salmonella typhi
Conjugate vaccines- Future concerns
Summary
References Cited
Carbohydrate-Based Antiviral Vaccines
Introduction
Viral Glycosylation
Viral N-glycosylation
Carbohydrates of HIV
Carbohydrates of influenza A virus
Carbohydrates in hepatits C virus
Carbohydrates in other viruses
Vaccine and Drug Development
HIV
Influenza A virus
Hepatitis C virus
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References Cited
Carbohydrate-Based Antiparasitic Vaccines
Introduction
GPI-based antimalarial vaccine
GPI as a malaria toxin
Synthetic GPI as antitoxic malaria vaccine candidate
Synthetic GPI microarray to define antimalarial antibody response
LPG-based antileishmanial vaccine
LPG in leishmaniasis pathogenesis
Synthetic phosphoglycan repeating unit as potential antileishmanial vaccine
Synthetic LPG cap oligosaccharide as antileishmanial vaccine candidate
Other examples
Fucosylated N-glycan as potential vaccine lead against schistosomiasis
GPIs as potential vaccine lead against toxoplasmosis and chagas' disease
Perspectives and Future Challenge
Acknowledgement
References cited
Carbohydrate-Based Antifungal Vaccines
Introduction
Terminology
Vaccination vs Immunization
Toxoids
Glycoconjugates
antifungal Glycoconjugate vaccines
C. neoformans polysaccharide-protein conjugates
Development of alternative vaccines in C. neoformans
C. albicans mannan-protein conjugates
?-Glucan-protein conjugates
Antifungal vaccines and the immune system
Summary
Acknowledgement
References Cited
Cancer-Associated and Related Glycosphingolipid Antigens
Introduction
Structural Classification of Antigens
"Abnormal" Expression of Glycosphingolipid (GSL) Glycan Structures in Cancer Tissues
Discussion of Delected Antigens
Globo-series and related antigens
Ganglio-series antigens
Lacto-series (Type 1 chain; Lcn) antigens
Neolacto-series (Type 2 chain; nLcx) antigens
Other Antigens
Lea-Lea and Leb-Lea
Lea-Lex
Acknowledgement
References Cited
Synthetic Carbohydrate-Based Anticancer Vaccines
Introduction to Cancer Vaccines
Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigens (TACAs
Carbohydrate-Based Cancer Vaccines
Humoral Immune Response to Carbohydrates
MHC Mediated Immune Response to Glycopeptides
Toll-like Receptors and the Link Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Chemical synthesis of tumor-associated carbohydrates and glycopeptides
Semi-synthetic carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines
Fully synthetic carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines
B-epitope and receptor ligand di-epitope constructs
B- and T-cell di-epitope constructs
Tri-component vaccines
References
Glycoengineering of Cell Surface Sialic Acid and Its Application to Cancer Immunotherapy
Introduction
Engineering of Cell Surface Sialic Acids
Sialic Acid engineering for Modulation of Cell Surface Reactivity
Sialic Acids engineering for Cancer Immunotherapy
Summary
Acknowledgement
References Cited
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: Clinical Trials and Applications
Introduction
Innate and adaptive immunity in relation to cancer immunotherapy
Design issues for clinical cancer vaccine trials
Clinical development of cancer vaccines
Proof of principle trials
Toxicity and pharmacokinetics
Dose and administration schedule
Endpoints: Biological activity and clinical activity
Efficacy Trials
Clinical endpoints in efficacy trials
Challenges in vaccine development
Defining the target tumor-associated antigens
Production and storage issues
Clinical trials
Glycosphingolipid-based vaccines
O-glycan-based vaccines
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References Cited
Carbohydrates as Unique Structures for Disease Diagnosis
Introduction
Viruses
Infectious mononucleosis
Influenza A and B
Bacteria
Streptococcus pyogenes
Groups A, B, C, D, F and G Streptococcus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningitis
Chlamydia trachomatis
Future
Fungi
Aspergillus fumigatus
Invasive Candidiasis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasma capsulatum
Parasites
Echinococcus multilocularis
Clonorchis sinensis
Trichinella
Schistomsoma mansoni
Autoimmunity
Diabetes
Cold agglutinin disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Tumors
Bladder
Breast
Colon
Liver
Lung
Melanoma
Ovarian
Pancreatic
Prostate
Inherited or acquired disorders of glycosylation
References Cited
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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