Charged Particle Traps II
by Werth, G.; Gheorghe, V. N.; Major, F. G.Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2009-10-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
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Summary
This is the second volume of Charged Particle Traps devoted to applications, complementing the first volume's comprehensive treatment of the theory and practice of charged particle traps, their many variants and refinements. In recent years, applications of far reaching importance have emerged ranging from the ultra-precise mass determinations of elementary particles and their antiparticles and short-lived isotopes, to high-resolution Zeeman spectroscopy on multiply-charged ions, to microwave and optical spectroscopy, some involving "forbidden" transitions from metastable states of such high resolution that optical frequency standards are realized by locking lasers to them. Further the potential application of trapped ions to quantum computing is explored, based on the extraordinary quantum state coherence made possible by the particle isolation. Consideration is given to the Paul and Penning traps as potential quantum information processors.
Table of Contents
| Electromagnetic Trap Properties | |
| Summary of Trap Properties | p. 3 |
| Trapping Principles in Pant Traps | p. 3 |
| General Principles | p. 5 |
| Potential Depth | p. 7 |
| Motional Spectrum | p. 8 |
| Optimum Trapping Conditions | p. 8 |
| Storage Time | p. 9 |
| Ion Density Distribution | p. 10 |
| Storage Capability | p. 10 |
| Paul Trap Imperfections | p. 11 |
| Trapping Principles in Penning Traps | p. 13 |
| Theory of the Ideal Penning Trap | p. 13 |
| Motional Spectrum in Penning Traps | p. 15 |
| Penning Trap Imperfections | p. 16 |
| Storage Time | p. 18 |
| Storage Capability | p. 20 |
| Spatial Distribution | p. 20 |
| Trap Techniques | p. 21 |
| Trap Loading | p. 21 |
| Trapped Particle Detection | p. 23 |
| Ion Cooling Techniques | p. 28 |
| Buffer Gas Cooling | p. 28 |
| Resistive Cooling | p. 29 |
| Laser Cooling | p. 30 |
| Radiative Cooling | p. 33 |
| Mass Spectrometry | |
| Mass Spectrometry Using Paul Traps | p. 37 |
| The Quadrupole Ion Trap as a Mass Spectrometer | p. 40 |
| The ôMass Instability Methodö of Detection | p. 41 |
| Sources of Mass Error in Ion Ejection Methods | p. 44 |
| Nonlinear Resonances in Imperfect Quadrupole Trap | p. 44 |
| Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Spectrometer | p. 46 |
| Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers | p. 48 |
| Tandem Quadrupole Fourier Transform Spectrometer | p. 50 |
| Silicon-Based Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers | p. 52 |
| Mass Spectroscopy in Penning Trap | p. 55 |
| Systematic Frequency Shifts | p. 55 |
| Electric Field Imperfections | p. 55 |
| Magnetic Field Imperfections | p. 57 |
| Misalignements and Trap Ellipticity | p. 57 |
| Image Charges | p. 58 |
| Magnetic Field Fluctuations | p. 58 |
| Observation of Motional Resonances | p. 60 |
| Nondestructive Observation | p. 60 |
| Destructive Observation | p. 63 |
| Line Shape of Motional Resonances | p. 66 |
| Nondestructive Detection | p. 66 |
| Destructive Detection | p. 68 |
| Experimental Procedures | p. 72 |
| Reference Ions | p. 73 |
| Selected Results | p. 76 |
| Stable and Long Lived Isotopes | p. 77 |
| Short-Lived Isotopes | p. 79 |
| Spectroscopy with Trapped Charged Particles | |
| Microwave Spectroscopy | p. 85 |
| Zeeman Spectroscopy | p. 85 |
| g-Factor of the Free Electron | p. 86 |
| g-Factor of the Bound Electron | p. 95 |
| Atomic g-Factor | p. 101 |
| Nuclear gI-Factor | p. 103 |
| Hyperfine Structures in the Ground States | p. 105 |
| Summary of HFS Theory | p. 105 |
| Early Experiments | p. 107 |
| Laser Microwave Double Resonance Spectroscopy | p. 113 |
| Microwave Atomic Clocks | p. 118 |
| Definition of the Unit of Time | p. 118 |
| Trapped Ion Microwave Standards | p. 121 |
| Optical Spectroscopy | p. 129 |
| Optical Frequency Standards | p. 129 |
| Theoretical Limit to Laser Spectral Purity | p. 129 |
| Laser Stabilization | p. 131 |
| Single Ion Optical Frequency Standards | p. 133 |
| Correction of Systematic Errors | p. 147 |
| Optical Frequency Measurement | p. 152 |
| Progress in Standards | p. 157 |
| Lifetime Studies in Traps | p. 161 |
| Radiative Lifetimes | p. 161 |
| Experimental Methods of Lifetime Measurement | p. 162 |
| Systematic Effects on the Lifetimes | p. 172 |
| Quenching Collisions | p. 176 |
| Quantum Topics | |
| Quantum Effects in Charged Particle Traps | p. 179 |
| Quantum Jumps | p. 180 |
| The Quantum Zeno Effect | p. 180 |
| Entanglement of Trapped Ion States | p. 183 |
| Entanglement of Two-Trapped Ions | p. 184 |
| Entanglement of Three-Trapped Ions | p. 186 |
| Multi-ion Entanglement | p. 187 |
| Trapped Ion-Photon Entanglement | p. 189 |
| Lifetime of Entangled States | p. 190 |
| Quantum Teleportation | p. 191 |
| Sources of Decoherence | p. 195 |
| Decoherence Reservoirs | p. 195 |
| Motional Decoherence | p. 196 |
| Collisions with Background Gas | p. 199 |
| Internal State Decoherence | p. 200 |
| Induced Decoherence | p. 202 |
| Control of Thermal Decoherence | p. 203 |
| Quantum Computing with Trapped Charged Particles | p. 207 |
| Background Fundamentals | p. 208 |
| Quantum Bits: Qubits | p. 208 |
| Some History | p. 210 |
| Possible Alternatives: The DiVincenzo Criteria | p. 212 |
| Ion Traps for Quantum Computing | p. 215 |
| Trap Electrode Design | p. 215 |
| Choice of Ion | p. 216 |
| Qubits with Trapped Ions | p. 219 |
| Quantum Registers: Qregister | p. 220 |
| Initialisation of the Qubits | p. 223 |
| Creation of Nonclassical States | p. 226 |
| Fock States | p. 226 |
| Coherent States | p. 227 |
| Schrödinger Cat States | p. 227 |
| Quantum Logic Gates | p. 228 |
| Qubit Entanglement | p. 231 |
| Quantum Information Processing | p. 232 |
| Speed of Operation | p. 234 |
| Nonclassical State Reconstruction | p. 235 |
| Qubit Decoherence | p. 239 |
| Scalability | p. 240 |
| Penning Trap as Quantum Information Processor | p. 245 |
| Computing with Electrons | p. 245 |
| Linear Multi-trap Processor | p. 245 |
| Planar Multi-trap Processor | p. 247 |
| Expected Performance | p. 254 |
| Future Developments | p. 255 |
| References | p. 257 |
| Index | p. 271 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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