Authors of Guest Boxes, |
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xi | |
Preface, |
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xiii | |
List of Symbols, |
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xvi | |
PART I: INTRODUCTION |
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3 | (12) |
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1.1 Genetics and conservation, |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 What should we conserve?, |
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5 | (5) |
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1.3 How should we conserve biodiversity?, |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 Applications of genetics to conservation, |
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11 | (4) |
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Guest Box 1 by L.S. Mills and M.E. Soule: The role of genetics in conservation, |
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13 | (2) |
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2 Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations, |
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15 | (18) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (3) |
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2.4 Differences among populations, |
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26 | (7) |
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Guest Box 2 by C.J. Foote: Looks can be deceiving: countergradient variation in secondary sexual color in sympatric morphs of sockeye salmon, |
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29 | (4) |
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3 Genetic Variation in Natural Populations: Chromosomes and Proteins, |
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33 | (30) |
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35 | (12) |
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3.2 Protein electrophoresis, |
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47 | (4) |
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3.3 Genetic variation within natural populations, |
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51 | (1) |
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3.4 Genetic divergence among populations, |
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52 | (2) |
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3.5 Strengths and limitations of protein electrophoresis, |
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54 | (9) |
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Guest Box 3 by A. Young and B.G. Murray: Management implications of polyploidy in a cytologically complex self-incompatible herb, |
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55 | (8) |
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4 Genetic Variation in Natural Populations: DNA, |
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63 | (30) |
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4.1 Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA, |
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64 | (5) |
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4.2 Single copy nuclear loci, |
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69 | (5) |
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4.3 Multilocus techniques, |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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4.6 Additional techniques and the future, |
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78 | (3) |
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4.7 Genetic variation in natural populations, |
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81 | (12) |
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Guest Box 4 by N.N. FitzSimmons: Multiple markers uncover marine turtle behavior, |
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82 | (11) |
PART II: MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE |
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5 Random Mating Populations: Hardy-Weinberg Principle, |
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93 | (24) |
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5.1 The Hardy–Weinberg principle, |
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94 | (3) |
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5.2 Hardy–Weinberg proportions, |
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97 | (2) |
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5.3 Testing for Hardy–Weinberg proportions, |
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99 | (6) |
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5.4 Estimation of allele frequencies, |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (2) |
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5.6 Estimation of genetic variation, |
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110 | (7) |
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Guest Box 5 by V. Castric and L. Bernatchez: Testing alternative explanations for deficiencies of heterozygotes in populations of brook trcut in small lakes, |
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112 | (5) |
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6 Small Populations and Genetic Drift, |
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117 | (30) |
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118 | (4) |
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6.2 Changes in allele frequency, |
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122 | (1) |
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6.3 Loss of genetic variation: the inbreeding effect of small populations, |
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123 | (3) |
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6.4 Loss of allelic diversity, |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (7) |
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6.6 Genotypic proportions in small populations, |
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136 | (2) |
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6.7 Fitness effects of genetic drift, |
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138 | (9) |
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Guest Box 6 by P.L. Leberg and D.L. Rogowski: The inbreeding effect of small population size reduces population growth rate in mosquitofish, |
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141 | (6) |
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7 Effective Population Size, |
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147 | (24) |
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7.1 Concept of effective population size, |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (2) |
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7.3 Nonrandom number of progeny, |
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153 | (4) |
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7.4 Fluctuating population size, |
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157 | (1) |
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7.5 Overlapping generations, |
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158 | (1) |
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7.6 Variance effective population size, |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (3) |
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7.8 Gene genealogies and lineage sorting, |
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162 | (1) |
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7.9 Limitations of effective population size, |
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163 | (3) |
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7.10 Effective population size in natural populations, |
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166 | (5) |
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Guest Box 7 by C.R. Miller and L.P. Waits: Estimation of effective population size in Yellowstone grizzly bears |
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167 | (4) |
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171 | (62) |
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173 | (1) |
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8.2 Single locus with two alleles, |
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174 | (5) |
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179 | (5) |
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8.4 Frequency-dependent selection, |
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184 | (2) |
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8.5 Natural selection in small populations, |
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186 | (2) |
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8.6 Natural selection and conservation, |
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188 | (11) |
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Guest Box 8 by C.A. Stockwell and M.L. Collyer: Rapid adaptation and conservation, |
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192 | (5) |
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9 Population Subdivision, |
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197 | (36) |
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199 | (5) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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9.4 Gene flow and genetic drift, |
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206 | (4) |
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9.5 Cytoplasmic genes and sex-linked markers, |
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210 | (4) |
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9.6 Gene flow and natural selection, |
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214 | (4) |
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9.7 Limitations of FST and other measures of subdivision, |
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218 | (2) |
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9.8 Estimation of gene flow, |
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220 | (6) |
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9.9 Population subdivision and conservation, |
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226 | (7) |
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Guest Box 9 by C.S. Baker and F.B. Pichler: Hector's dolphin population structure and conservation, |
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227 | (6) |
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233 | (24) |
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10.1 Gametic disequilibrium, |
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234 | (5) |
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10.2 Small population size, |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (5) |
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10.4 Population subdivision, |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (4) |
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10.6 Estimation of gametic disequilibrium, |
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250 | (7) |
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Guest Box 10 by S.H. Forbes: Dating hybrid populations using gametic disequilibrium, |
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252 | (5) |
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11 Quantitative Genetics, |
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257 | (28) |
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258 | (6) |
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11.2 Selection on quantitative traits, |
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264 | (5) |
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11.3 Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) , |
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269 | (5) |
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11.4 Genetic drift and bottlenecks, |
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274 | (2) |
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11.5 Divergence among populations (Qs-r), |
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276 | (2) |
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11.6 Quantitative genetics and conservation, |
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278 | (7) |
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Guest Box 11 by D.W. Coltman: Response to trophy hunting in bighorn sheep, |
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282 | (3) |
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285 | (20) |
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12.1 Process of mutation, |
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286 | (5) |
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12.2 Selectively neutral mutations, |
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291 | (5) |
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296 | (1) |
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12.4 Advantageous mutations, |
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297 | (1) |
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12.5 Recovery from a bottleneck, |
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297 | (8) |
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Guest Box 12 by M.W. Nachman: Color evolution via different mutations in pocket mice, |
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299 | (6) |
PART III: GENETICS AND CONSERVATION |
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13 Inbreeding Depression, |
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305 | (29) |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (3) |
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13.3 Estimation of F and relatedness with molecular markers, |
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313 | (2) |
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13.4 Causes of inbreeding depression, |
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315 | (2) |
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13.5 Measurement of inbreeding depression, |
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317 | (6) |
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13.6 Genetic load and purging, |
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323 | (11) |
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Guest Box 13 by R.C. Lacy: Understanding inbreeding depression: 20 years of experiments with Peromyscus mice, |
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327 | (7) |
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14 Demography and Extinction, |
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334 | (29) |
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14.1 Estimation of population size, |
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336 | (2) |
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14.2 Inbreeding depression and extinction, |
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338 | (4) |
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14.3 Population viability analysis, |
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342 | (8) |
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14.4 Loss of phenotypic variation, |
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350 | (5) |
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14.5 Loss of evolutionary potential, |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (2) |
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14.7 Mutational meltdown, |
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357 | (1) |
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14.8 Long-term persistence, |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (4) |
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Guest Box 14 by A.C. Taylor: Noninvasive population size estimation in wombats, |
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360 | (3) |
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15 Metapopulations and Fragmentation, |
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363 | (17) |
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15.1 The metapopulation concept, |
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364 | (1) |
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15.2 Genetic variation in metapopulations, |
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365 | (4) |
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15.3 Effective population size, |
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369 | (2) |
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15.4 Population divergence and fragmentation, |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (2) |
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15.6 Long-term population viability, |
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374 | (6) |
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Guest Box 15 by R.C. Vrijenhoek: Fitness loss and genetic rescue in stream-dwelling topminnows, |
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377 | (3) |
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16 Units of Conservation, |
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380 | (41) |
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16.1 What should we try to protect?, |
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382 | (3) |
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16.2 Systematics and taxonomy, |
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385 | (2) |
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16.3 Phylogeny reconstruction, |
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387 | (5) |
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16.4 Description of genetic relationships within species, |
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392 | (12) |
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16.5 Units of conservation, |
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404 | (11) |
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16.6 Integrating genetic, phenotypic, and environmental information, |
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415 | (6) |
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Guest Box 16 by R.S. Waples: Identifying conservation units in Pacific salmon, |
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417 | (4) |
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421 | (28) |
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17.1 Natural hybridization, |
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423 | (5) |
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17.2 Anthropogenic hybridization, |
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428 | (1) |
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17.3 Fitness consequences of hybridization, |
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429 | (5) |
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17.4 Detecting and describing hybridization, |
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434 | (9) |
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17.5 Hybridization and conservation, |
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443 | (6) |
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Guest Box 17 by L.H. Rieseberg: Hybridization and the conservation of plants, |
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446 | (3) |
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18 Conservation Breeding and Restoration, |
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449 | (33) |
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18.1 The role of conservation breeding, |
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452 | (5) |
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18.2 Reproductive technologies and genome banking, |
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457 | (2) |
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18.3 Founding populations for conservation breeding programs, |
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459 | (2) |
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18.4 Genetic drift in captive populations, |
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461 | (3) |
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18.5 Natural selection and adaptation to captivity, |
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464 | (2) |
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18.6 Genetic management of conservation breeding programs, |
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466 | (4) |
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18.7 Supportive breeding, |
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470 | (2) |
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18.8 Reintroductions and translocations, |
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472 | (10) |
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Guest Box 18 by J.V. Briskie: Effects of population bottlenecks on introduced species of birds, |
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479 | (3) |
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482 | (20) |
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19.1 Why are invasive species so successful?, |
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484 | (3) |
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19.2 Genetic analysis of introduced species, |
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487 | (4) |
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19.3 Establishment and spread of invasive species, |
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491 | (1) |
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19.4 Hybridization as a stimulus for invasiveness, |
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492 | (2) |
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19.5 Eradication, management, and control, |
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494 | (8) |
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Guest Box 19 by J.L. Maron: Rapid adaptation of invasive populations of St John's Wort, |
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499 | (3) |
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20 Forensic and Management Applications of Genetic Identification, |
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502 | (41) |
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20.1 Species identification, |
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504 | (5) |
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20.2 Individual identification and probability of identity, |
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509 | (4) |
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513 | (2) |
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515 | (1) |
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20.5 Population assignment, |
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515 | (3) |
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20.6 Population composition analysis, |
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518 | (52) |
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Guest Box 20 by L.P. Waits: Microsatellite DNA genotyping identifies problem bear and cubs, |
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521 | (5) |
Glossary, |
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526 | (17) |
Appendix: Probability and Statistics, |
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543 | (34) |
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546 | (2) |
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A2 Statistical measures and distributions, |
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548 | (9) |
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A3 Frequentist hypothesis testing, statistical errors, and power, |
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557 | (4) |
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561 | (1) |
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A5 Bayesian approaches and MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo), |
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562 | (5) |
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A6 Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), |
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567 | (1) |
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A7 Parameter estimation, accuracy, and precision, |
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567 | (2) |
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569 | (1) |
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A9 The coalescent and genealogical information, |
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570 | (7) |
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Guest Box A by J.F. Crow: Is mathematics necessary?, |
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575 | (2) |
References, |
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577 | (49) |
Index, |
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626 | |