Conservation of Wood Artifacts

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2001-10-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
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Summary

This handbook is the most comprehensive, up-to-date source of information on the history of wood conservation, on the structure and properties of wood, on organisms causing deterioration, on methods of diagnosis of wood condition, on materials and methods of wood preservation, on consolidation of deteriorated wood, and on wood adhesives. Although it provides many techniques of wood conservation in detail, it goes far beyond the scope of a "recipe book" by giving an overview of the use of particular materials and methods as they apply to dry as well as wet or waterlogged wood. Access to the enormous wealth of information is facilitated by separate indexes for trade names, pests, and conservation materials. The latter, together with their methods of application, were gathered from the literature and organized chronologically. For liquid preservatives, fumigants, and consolidants, these listings are preceded by important data on each of the materials.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1(2)
History of Wood Conservation
3(6)
References
7(2)
Wood Structure
9(14)
Macroscopic Structure
9(2)
Recent Wood
9(1)
Historical Wood
10(1)
Microscopic Structure
11(4)
Recent Wood
11(3)
Historical Wood
14(1)
Chemical Composition of Wood
15(5)
Recent Wood
15(1)
Elementary Composition
15(1)
Chemical Components
16(2)
Historical Wood
18(1)
Elementary Composition
18(1)
Chemical Components
19(1)
Ultrastructure of the Cell Wall
20(3)
References
21(2)
Wood Properties
23(20)
Wood-Moisture Relations
23(9)
Recent Wood
23(5)
Historical Wood
28(4)
Density of Wood
32(5)
Recent Wood
32(3)
Historical Wood
35(2)
Strength and Stiffness Properties
37(6)
Recent Wood
37(1)
Historical Wood
38(3)
References
41(2)
Corrosion Behavior of Wood
43(8)
Effect of Chemical Media
43(4)
Water
43(1)
Acids and Bases
43(1)
Salts
44(1)
Gases
45(1)
Metals
46(1)
Corrosive Effects of Wood on Materials
46(1)
Weathering
47(4)
References
48(3)
Biological Deterioration of Wood
51(92)
Insects
51(39)
Classification
51(1)
Morphology
51(2)
Development and Reproduction
53(2)
Physiology
55(1)
Wood-Destroying Insects
56(1)
Coleoptera (Beetles)
56(17)
Isoptera (Termites)
73(6)
Siricidae (Wood Wasps)
79(2)
Other Insect Pests of Wood
81(4)
Enemies of Wood-Destroying Insects
85(3)
Monitoring of Insect Infestations
88(2)
Attacks on Surface Decorations, Glues, and Consolidants
90(1)
Fungi
90(42)
Taxonomy
90(1)
Morphology
91(1)
Reproduction
92(3)
Physiology
95(4)
Types of Damage to Wood
99(1)
Wood Decomposition
99(6)
Fungal Stain and Surface Molds
105(3)
Wood-Destroying Fungi
108(1)
Basidiomycota
108(13)
Ascomycota and Deuteromycota
121(1)
Staining Fungi and Surface Molds
122(1)
Ascomycota and Deuteromycota
122(5)
Viability Tests of Fungi
127(1)
Growth Test
127(1)
Color Indicators
128(1)
Determination of Adenosin Triphosphate (ATP)
128(1)
Immunological Determination
129(1)
Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
129(1)
Attack on Consolidants and Coatings for Wood
129(2)
Dangers to Health from Wood-Destroying Fungi
131(1)
Bacteria
132(2)
Bacteria Destroying Pit Membranes
132(1)
Bacteria Destroying Wood Cell Walls
133(1)
Marine Borers
134(9)
Teredinidae
134(1)
Limnoridae
135(1)
References
136(7)
Diagnosis of Wood Condition
143(22)
Introduction
143(1)
Mechanical Procedures
144(3)
Electrical Methods
147(2)
Optical Methods
149(2)
Acoustic Methods
151(1)
Thermographic Methods
152(1)
Radiographic Methods
153(4)
Nuclear Magnetic Methods
157(1)
Chemical and Biological Procedures
158(7)
References
159(6)
Liquid Wood Preservatives
165(110)
Introduction
165(3)
Inorganic Biocides
168(17)
Alkali Chlorides
168(1)
Sodium Chloride
168(1)
Copper Compounds
169(1)
Copper(II) Sulfate and Other Copper Salts
169(2)
Mercury Compounds
171(1)
Mercury(II) Chloride
171(2)
Zinc Compounds
173(1)
Zinc(II) Chloride and Other Zinc Salts
173(1)
Arsenic Compounds
174(1)
Arsenic Trioxide and Arsenic Salts
174(1)
Fluorine Compounds
175(1)
Sodium Fluoride and Other Fluorides
175(2)
Fluorosilicates
177(2)
Boron Compounds
179(1)
Boric Acid
179(1)
Borax
180(1)
Polybor
181(2)
Chromium Compounds
183(1)
Sodium Dichromate
183(1)
Potassium Dichromate
184(1)
Chromium(VI) Oxide
184(1)
Organic Biocides
185(65)
Tars, Tar Oils, and Kerosene
185(1)
Wood Tar
185(2)
Coal Tar Oil
187(1)
Kerosene
188(2)
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
190(1)
Chloronaphthalenes
190(2)
Dichlorobenzenes
192(1)
DDT
193(2)
Lindane
195(2)
Cyclodiene Insecticides
197(1)
Aldrin, Dieldrin, and Heptachlor
197(1)
Organophosphates
198(1)
Diazinon
198(1)
Carbamates
199(1)
Bassa
199(1)
Fenoxycarb
200(1)
3-Iodo-2-propynyl-butyl-carbamate
201(2)
Synthetic Pyrethroids
203(1)
Deltamethrin
203(1)
Permethrin
204(2)
Benzoylurea Derivatives
206(1)
Flufenoxuron
206(1)
Phenols
207(1)
Phenol
207(2)
Dinitrophenols and Dinitrocresols
209(1)
Pentachlorophenol
210(2)
Sodium Pentachlorophenolate
212(2)
o-Phenylphenol
214(2)
Thymol
216(1)
Sulfamide Derivatives
217(1)
Dichlofluanid
217(2)
Tolylfluanid
219(1)
Benzimidazole Derivatives
220(1)
Carbendazim
220(1)
Triazole Derivatives
221(1)
Propiconazole
221(2)
Tebuconazole
223(1)
Quarternary Ammonium Compounds
224(4)
Isothiazolones
228(2)
Organoaluminum Compounds
230(1)
Xyligen Al
230(1)
Organoboron Compounds
231(1)
Trimethyl Borate
231(2)
Organocopper Compounds
233(1)
Copper-HDO
233(1)
Copper Naphthenates
234(2)
Organosilicon Compounds
236(1)
Silafluofen
236(1)
Organotin Compounds
237(1)
Tributyltin Oxide
237(2)
Mixtures of Natural Products
239(1)
Pyroligneous Acid (Wood Vinegar)
240(1)
Essential Oils
241(2)
Woad (Isatis tinctoria)
243(1)
Chitosan
244(1)
Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica)
245(1)
Pyrethrum
246(2)
Juvenile Hormones
248(1)
α-Ecdysone
249(1)
Solvents and Additives
250(2)
Treatment Processes
252(7)
Pressureless Treatments
252(1)
Surface Treatments
252(2)
Immersion Treatments
254(1)
Pressure Treatments
255(1)
Full-Cell Treatments
255(1)
Conventional and Modified Empty-Cell Treatments
256(1)
Double Vacuum Impregnation
256(1)
Special Pressure Treatments
256(1)
Special Methods
256(1)
Diffusion Methods (Bandage Methods)
256(1)
Injection and Infusion Methods
257(1)
Impregnation via Bore Holes
257(2)
Damage by Wood Preservatives
259(2)
Decontamination and Masking of Wood Which Contains Preservatives
261(14)
Nature of the Problem
261(1)
Mechanical Procedures
261(1)
Thermal Processes
262(1)
Solvent-Based Methods
263(1)
Microbial Methods
264(1)
Masking Methods
265(1)
References
265(10)
Fumigants
275(52)
Nature and Scope of Fumigant Treatments
275(1)
Inorganic Fumigants
276(19)
Reactive Gases
276(1)
Sulfur Dioxide
276(1)
Hydrogen Cyanide
277(3)
Hydrogen Phosphide
280(2)
Sulfuryl Fluoride
282(2)
Gases of Low Reactivity and Inert Gases
284(1)
Carbon Dioxide
285(4)
Nitrogen
289(4)
Argon
293(2)
Organic Fumigants
295(13)
Carbon Disulfide
295(1)
Carbonyl Sulfide
296(1)
Tetrachloromethane
297(2)
Bromomethane
299(4)
Ethylene Oxide
303(3)
Additional Compounds: Propylene Oxide
306(1)
Formaldehyde
307(1)
Processes
308(4)
Damage Caused by Fumigants
312(15)
Possible Damage by Specific Fumigants
315(1)
Hydrogen Cyanide
315(1)
Hydrogen Phosphide
315(1)
Sulfuryl Fluoride (Used as Technical Grade)
315(1)
Bromomethane
316(1)
Ethylene Oxide
316(1)
Formaldehyde
317(1)
Carbon Dioxide
317(1)
Nitrogen
317(1)
References
318(9)
Physical Control Methods
327(28)
Characteristics
327(1)
Control Through Temperature Changes
328(10)
Heat Treatments
328(7)
Freezing Treatments
335(3)
Changing Air Humidity and Material Moisture Content
338(1)
Use of Pressure Differentials
339(2)
Reduced Pressure
339(1)
Elevated Pressure
340(1)
Utilizing Sound and Electromagnetic Waves
341(14)
Ultrasound
341(1)
Microwaves/High Frequency Waves
342(3)
X-rays
345(1)
Gamma Rays
346(2)
References
348(7)
Biological Methods
355(8)
Opportunities for Biological Control of Insect Infestations and for Bioprotection
355(3)
Opportunities for Biological Control of Fungal Decay and Bioprotection
358(5)
References
360(3)
Consolidants
363(178)
Objectives, Scope, and Procedures for Consolidation Treatments
363(9)
The Role of Wood Permeability
364(1)
Damage Diagnosis
364(1)
Condition and Mobility of the Object
365(1)
Intended Renovation and Use
365(1)
Physical State of Consolidants for Application
366(1)
Choice of Consolidants
366(2)
Criteria for the Selection of Solvents
368(2)
Choice of Treatment Method
370(2)
Inorganic Compounds
372(6)
Aluminum Compounds
372(1)
Aluminum Sulfate
372(1)
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate
372(3)
Boron Compounds
375(1)
Borax
375(1)
Chromium Compounds
376(1)
Sodium Dichromate and Chromium(VI) Oxide
376(1)
Silicon Compounds
377(1)
Alkali Silicates
377(1)
Organic Compounds
378(118)
Animal Glues
378(1)
Protein Glues
378(3)
Casein
381(1)
Oils
381(1)
Linseed Oil
381(2)
Tung Oil
383(2)
Fats
385(1)
Lanolin
385(1)
Waxes
386(1)
Beeswax
386(3)
Carnauba Wax
389(1)
Paraffin
390(3)
Microcrystalline Wax
393(1)
Resins
394(1)
Dammar
394(2)
Colophony
396(3)
Shellac
399(3)
Polyols and Sugars
402(1)
Ethylene Glycol and Other Alkylene Glycols
402(1)
Glycerol
403(2)
Poly(ethylene glycol)s
405(17)
Sucrose
422(6)
Sugar Alcohols
428(2)
Cellulose Derivatives
430(1)
Cellulose Ethers: Methyl Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
430(2)
Cellulose Esters: Cellulose Nitrate, Cellulose Acetate
432(3)
Formaldehyde Resins
435(1)
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins
435(4)
Urea-Formaldehyde Resins
439(2)
Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
441(4)
Polyvinyl Compounds
445(1)
Poly(vinyl acetate)
445(4)
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
449(2)
Poly(vinyl butyral)
451(3)
Poly(vinyl chloride)
454(2)
Poly(vinylidene chloride) and Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)
456(1)
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
456(7)
Poly(ethyl methacrylate)
463(4)
Poly(butyl methacrylate)
467(4)
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)
471(2)
Styrene
473(2)
Unsaturated Polyester Resins
475(4)
Epoxy Resins
479(9)
Linear Polyamides
488(2)
Polyurethanes
490(2)
Organosilicon Compounds (Silicons, Polysiloxanes)
492(4)
Consolidation Processes
496(45)
Nature of Consolidation Processes
496(1)
Evaporation Processes
497(1)
Chemical and Physico-Chemical Curing Processes
497(2)
Drying Processes for Waterlogged Wood
499(2)
Methods of Stabilizing Waterlogged Wood with PEG
501(1)
Methods of Stabilizing Waterlogged Wood/Iron Composites
502(1)
Post-treatment Damage by Consolidants and Possible Remedies
503(2)
References
505(36)
Adhesives and Gap Fillers
541(20)
Adhesives
541(12)
Adhesives for Wood Conservation
541(3)
Natural Adhesives
544(1)
Proteins
544(1)
Carbohydrates
545(1)
Waxes
546(1)
Resins
546(1)
Wood Tar, Bitumen, and Asphalt
546(1)
Adhesives Derived from Wood
547(1)
Semisynthetic Adhesives
547(1)
Cellulose Ether: Methyl Cellulose
547(1)
Cellulose Ester: Cellulose Nitrate
547(1)
Synthetic Adhesives
548(1)
Phenol/Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resins
548(1)
Urea-Formaldehyde Resins
549(1)
Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
549(1)
Poly(vinyl acetate)
550(1)
Poly(vinyl acetal)s
550(1)
Acrylic Compounds
551(1)
Epoxy Resins
552(1)
Polyurethanes (Polyisocyanates)
552(1)
Gap Fillers
553(8)
Organic of Gap Fillers
553(1)
Gap Fillers for Wood Conservation
553(1)
Organic Gap Fillers
554(1)
Natural Substance Fillers
554(1)
Synthetic Resin Fillers
554(3)
References
557(4)
Appendix 561(6)
Chemicals and Materials Index 567(4)
Trade Name Index 571(6)
Index of Scientific Names of Organisms 577

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