
Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics
by Tadmor, Ellad B.; Miller, Ronald E.; Elliott, Ryan S.-
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Summary
Author Biography
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
Notation | p. xvii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Theory | p. 7 |
Scalars, vectors and tensors | p. 9 |
Frames of reference and Newton's laws | p. 9 |
Tensor notation | p. 15 |
Direct versus indicial notation | p. 16 |
Summation and dummy indices | p. 17 |
Free indices | p. 18 |
Matrix notation | p. 19 |
Kronecker delta | p. 19 |
Permutation symbol | p. 20 |
What is a tensor? | p. 22 |
Vector spaces and the inner product and norm | p. 22 |
Coordinate systems and their bases | p. 26 |
Cross product | p. 29 |
Change of basis | p. 31 |
Vector component transformation | p. 33 |
Generalization to higher-order tensors | p. 34 |
Tensor component transformation | p. 36 |
Tensor operations | p. 38 |
Addition | p. 38 |
Magnification | p. 38 |
Transpose | p. 39 |
Tensor products | p. 39 |
Contraction | p. 40 |
Tensor basis | p. 44 |
Properties of tensors | p. 46 |
Orthogonal tensors | p. 46 |
Symmetric and antisymmetric tensors | p. 48 |
Principal values and directions | p. 48 |
Cayley-Hamilton theorem | p. 51 |
The quadratic form of symmetric second-order tensors | p. 52 |
Isotropic tensors | p. 54 |
Tensor fields | p. 55 |
Partial differentiation of a tensor field | p. 56 |
Differential operators in Cartesian coordinates | p. 56 |
Differential operators in curvilinear coordinates | p. 60 |
Divergence theorem | p. 64 |
Exercises | p. 66 |
Kinematics of deformation | p. 71 |
The continuum particle | p. 71 |
The deformation mapping | p. 72 |
Material and spatial field descriptions | p. 74 |
Material and spatial tensor fields | p. 75 |
Differentiation with respect to position | p. 76 |
Description of local deformation | p. 77 |
Deformation gradient | p. 77 |
Volume changes | p. 79 |
Area changes | p. 80 |
Pull-back and push-forward operations | p. 82 |
Polar decomposition theorem | p. 83 |
Deformation measures and their physical significance | p. 87 |
Spatial strain tensor | p. 90 |
Linearized kinematics | p. 91 |
Kinematic rates | p. 93 |
Material time derivative | p. 93 |
Rate of change of local deformation measures | p. 96 |
Reynolds transport theorem | p. 100 |
Exercises | p. 101 |
Mechanical conservation and balance laws | p. 106 |
Conservation of mass | p. 106 |
Reynolds transport theorem for extensive properties | p. 109 |
Balance of linear momentum | p. 110 |
Newton's second law for a system of particles | p. 110 |
Balance of linear momentum for a continuum system | p. 111 |
Cauchy's stress principle | p. 113 |
Cauchy stress tensor | p. 115 |
An alternative ("tensorial") derivation of the stress tensor | p. 117 |
Stress decomposition | p. 119 |
Local form of the balance of linear momentum | p. 119 |
Balance of angular momentum | p. 120 |
Material form of the momentum balance equations | p. 122 |
Material form of the balance of linear momentum | p. 122 |
Material form of the balance of angular momentum | p. 124 |
Second PiolaûKirchhoff stress | p. 125 |
Exercises | p. 127 |
Thermodynamics | p. 129 |
Macroscopic observables, thermodynamic equilibrium and state variables | p. 130 |
Macroscopically observable quantities | p. 131 |
Thermodynamic equilibrium | p. 133 |
State variables | p. 133 |
Independent state variables and equations of state | p. 136 |
Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics | p. 137 |
Thermal equilibrium | p. 137 |
Empirical temperature scales | p. 138 |
Energy and the first law of thermodynamics | p. 139 |
First law of thermodynamics | p. 139 |
Internal energy of an ideal gas | p. 143 |
Thermodynamic processes | p. 147 |
General thermodynamic processes | p. 147 |
Quasistatic processes | p. 147 |
The second law of thermodynamics and the direction of time | p. 148 |
Entropy | p. 149 |
The second law of thermodynamics | p. 150 |
Stability conditions associated with the second law | p. 152 |
Thermal equilibrium from an entropy perspective | p. 153 |
Internal energy and entropy as fundamental thermodynamic relations | p. 156 |
Entropy form of the first law | p. 159 |
Reversible and irreversible processes | p. 161 |
Continuum thermodynamics | p. 168 |
Local form of the first law (energy equation) | p. 170 |
Local form of the second law (Clausius-Duhem inequality) | p. 175 |
Exercises | p. 177 |
Constitutive relations | p. 180 |
Constraints on constitutive relations | p. 181 |
Local action and the second law of thermodynamics | p. 184 |
Specific internal energy constitutive relation | p. 184 |
ColemanûNoll procedure | p. 186 |
Onsager reciprocal relations | p. 190 |
Constitutive relations for alternative stress variables | p. 191 |
Thermodynamic potentials and connection with experiments | p. 192 |
Material frame-indifference | p. 195 |
Transformation between frames of reference | p. 196 |
Objective tensors | p. 200 |
Principle of material frame-indifference | p. 202 |
Constraints on constitutive relations due to material frame-indifference | p. 203 |
Reduced constitutive relations | p. 207 |
Continuum field equations and material frame-indifference | p. 213 |
Controversy regarding the principle of material frame-indifference | p. 213 |
Material symmetry | p. 215 |
Simple fluids | p. 218 |
Isotropic solids | p. 221 |
Linearized constitutive relations for anisotropic hyperelastic solids | p. 225 |
Generalized Hooke's law and the elastic constants | p. 229 |
Limitations of continuum constitutive relations | p. 236 |
Exercises | p. 237 |
Boundary-value problems, energy principles and stability | p. 242 |
Initial boundary-value problems | p. 242 |
Problems in the spatial description | p. 243 |
Problems in the material description | p. 245 |
Equilibrium and the principle of stationary potential energy (PSPE) | p. 247 |
Stability of equilibrium configurations | p. 249 |
Definition of a stable equilibrium configuration | p. 250 |
Lyapunov's indirect method and the linearized equations of motion | p. 251 |
Lyapunov's direct method and the principle of minimum potential energy (PMPE) | p. 255 |
Exercises | p. 259 |
Solutions | p. 263 |
Universal equilibrium solutions | p. 265 |
Universal equilibrium solutions for homogeneous simple elastic bodies | p. 265 |
Universal solutions for isotropic and incompressible hyperelastic materials | p. 268 |
Family 0: homogeneous deformations | p. 269 |
Family 1: bending, stretching and shearing of a rectangular block | p. 270 |
Family 2: straightening, stretching and shearing of a sector of a hollow cylinder | p. 270 |
Family 3: inflation, bending, torsion, extension and shearing of an annular wedge | p. 270 |
Family 4: inflation or eversion of a sector of a spherical shell | p. 274 |
Family 5: inflation, bending, extension and azimuthal shearing of an annular wedge | p. 275 |
Summary and the need for numerical solutions | p. 275 |
Exercises | p. 275 |
Numerical solutions: the finite element method | p. 277 |
Discretization and interpolation | p. 277 |
Energy minimization | p. 281 |
Solving nonlinear problems: initial guesses | p. 282 |
The generic nonlinear minimization algorithm | p. 283 |
The steepest descent method | p. 284 |
Line minimization | p. 285 |
The NewtonûRaphson (NR) method | p. 287 |
Quasi-Newton methods | p. 288 |
The finite element tangent stiffness matrix | p. 289 |
Elements and shape functions | p. 289 |
Element mapping and the isoparametric formulation | p. 293 |
Gauss quadrature | p. 298 |
Practical issues of implementation | p. 301 |
Stiffness matrix assembly | p. 307 |
Boundary conditions | p. 309 |
The patch test | p. 311 |
The linear elastic limit with small and finite strains | p. 313 |
Exercises | p. 315 |
Approximate solutions: reduction to the engineering theories | p. 317 |
Mass transfer theory | p. 319 |
Heat transfer theory | p. 320 |
Fluid mechanics theory | p. 321 |
Elasticity theory | p. 322 |
Afterword | p. 323 |
Further reading | p. 324 |
Books related to Part I on theory | p. 324 |
Books related to Part II on solutions | p. 326 |
Heuristic microscopic derivation of the total energy | p. 327 |
Summary of key continuum mechanics equations | p. 329 |
References | p. 334 |
Index | p. 343 |
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