Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2012-02-29
Publisher(s): Cambridge Univ Pr
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Summary

Continuum mechanics and thermodynamics are foundational theories of many fields of science and engineering. This book presents a fresh perspective on these fundamental topics, connecting micro- and nanoscopic theories and emphasizing topics relevant to understanding solid-state thermo-mechanical behavior. Providing clear, in-depth coverage, the book gives a self-contained treatment of topics directly related to nonlinear materials modeling. It starts with vectors and tensors, finite deformation kinematics, the fundamental balance and conservation laws, and classical thermodynamics. It then discusses the principles of constitutive theory and examples of constitutive models, presents a foundational treatment of energy principles and stability theory, and concludes with example closed-form solutions and the essentials of finite elements. Together with its companion book, Modeling Materials, (Cambridge University Press, 2011), this work presents the fundamentals of multiscale materials modeling for graduate students and researchers in physics, materials science, chemistry and engineering.

Author Biography

Ellad B. Tadmor is Professor of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota. His research focuses on multiscale method development and the microscopic foundations of continuum mechanics. Ronald E. Miller is Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University. He has worked in the area of multiscale materials modeling for over 15 years. Ryan S. Elliott is Associate Professor of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota. An expert in stability of continuum and atomistic systems, he has received many awards for his work.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xi
Acknowledgmentsp. xiii
Notationp. xvii
Introductionp. 1
Theoryp. 7
Scalars, vectors and tensorsp. 9
Frames of reference and Newton's lawsp. 9
Tensor notationp. 15
Direct versus indicial notationp. 16
Summation and dummy indicesp. 17
Free indicesp. 18
Matrix notationp. 19
Kronecker deltap. 19
Permutation symbolp. 20
What is a tensor?p. 22
Vector spaces and the inner product and normp. 22
Coordinate systems and their basesp. 26
Cross productp. 29
Change of basisp. 31
Vector component transformationp. 33
Generalization to higher-order tensorsp. 34
Tensor component transformationp. 36
Tensor operationsp. 38
Additionp. 38
Magnificationp. 38
Transposep. 39
Tensor productsp. 39
Contractionp. 40
Tensor basisp. 44
Properties of tensorsp. 46
Orthogonal tensorsp. 46
Symmetric and antisymmetric tensorsp. 48
Principal values and directionsp. 48
Cayley-Hamilton theoremp. 51
The quadratic form of symmetric second-order tensorsp. 52
Isotropic tensorsp. 54
Tensor fieldsp. 55
Partial differentiation of a tensor fieldp. 56
Differential operators in Cartesian coordinatesp. 56
Differential operators in curvilinear coordinatesp. 60
Divergence theoremp. 64
Exercisesp. 66
Kinematics of deformationp. 71
The continuum particlep. 71
The deformation mappingp. 72
Material and spatial field descriptionsp. 74
Material and spatial tensor fieldsp. 75
Differentiation with respect to positionp. 76
Description of local deformationp. 77
Deformation gradientp. 77
Volume changesp. 79
Area changesp. 80
Pull-back and push-forward operationsp. 82
Polar decomposition theoremp. 83
Deformation measures and their physical significancep. 87
Spatial strain tensorp. 90
Linearized kinematicsp. 91
Kinematic ratesp. 93
Material time derivativep. 93
Rate of change of local deformation measuresp. 96
Reynolds transport theoremp. 100
Exercisesp. 101
Mechanical conservation and balance lawsp. 106
Conservation of massp. 106
Reynolds transport theorem for extensive propertiesp. 109
Balance of linear momentump. 110
Newton's second law for a system of particlesp. 110
Balance of linear momentum for a continuum systemp. 111
Cauchy's stress principlep. 113
Cauchy stress tensorp. 115
An alternative ("tensorial") derivation of the stress tensorp. 117
Stress decompositionp. 119
Local form of the balance of linear momentump. 119
Balance of angular momentump. 120
Material form of the momentum balance equationsp. 122
Material form of the balance of linear momentump. 122
Material form of the balance of angular momentump. 124
Second PiolaûKirchhoff stressp. 125
Exercisesp. 127
Thermodynamicsp. 129
Macroscopic observables, thermodynamic equilibrium and state variablesp. 130
Macroscopically observable quantitiesp. 131
Thermodynamic equilibriump. 133
State variablesp. 133
Independent state variables and equations of statep. 136
Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamicsp. 137
Thermal equilibriump. 137
Empirical temperature scalesp. 138
Energy and the first law of thermodynamicsp. 139
First law of thermodynamicsp. 139
Internal energy of an ideal gasp. 143
Thermodynamic processesp. 147
General thermodynamic processesp. 147
Quasistatic processesp. 147
The second law of thermodynamics and the direction of timep. 148
Entropyp. 149
The second law of thermodynamicsp. 150
Stability conditions associated with the second lawp. 152
Thermal equilibrium from an entropy perspectivep. 153
Internal energy and entropy as fundamental thermodynamic relationsp. 156
Entropy form of the first lawp. 159
Reversible and irreversible processesp. 161
Continuum thermodynamicsp. 168
Local form of the first law (energy equation)p. 170
Local form of the second law (Clausius-Duhem inequality)p. 175
Exercisesp. 177
Constitutive relationsp. 180
Constraints on constitutive relationsp. 181
Local action and the second law of thermodynamicsp. 184
Specific internal energy constitutive relationp. 184
ColemanûNoll procedurep. 186
Onsager reciprocal relationsp. 190
Constitutive relations for alternative stress variablesp. 191
Thermodynamic potentials and connection with experimentsp. 192
Material frame-indifferencep. 195
Transformation between frames of referencep. 196
Objective tensorsp. 200
Principle of material frame-indifferencep. 202
Constraints on constitutive relations due to material frame-indifferencep. 203
Reduced constitutive relationsp. 207
Continuum field equations and material frame-indifferencep. 213
Controversy regarding the principle of material frame-indifferencep. 213
Material symmetryp. 215
Simple fluidsp. 218
Isotropic solidsp. 221
Linearized constitutive relations for anisotropic hyperelastic solidsp. 225
Generalized Hooke's law and the elastic constantsp. 229
Limitations of continuum constitutive relationsp. 236
Exercisesp. 237
Boundary-value problems, energy principles and stabilityp. 242
Initial boundary-value problemsp. 242
Problems in the spatial descriptionp. 243
Problems in the material descriptionp. 245
Equilibrium and the principle of stationary potential energy (PSPE)p. 247
Stability of equilibrium configurationsp. 249
Definition of a stable equilibrium configurationp. 250
Lyapunov's indirect method and the linearized equations of motionp. 251
Lyapunov's direct method and the principle of minimum potential energy (PMPE)p. 255
Exercisesp. 259
Solutionsp. 263
Universal equilibrium solutionsp. 265
Universal equilibrium solutions for homogeneous simple elastic bodiesp. 265
Universal solutions for isotropic and incompressible hyperelastic materialsp. 268
Family 0: homogeneous deformationsp. 269
Family 1: bending, stretching and shearing of a rectangular blockp. 270
Family 2: straightening, stretching and shearing of a sector of a hollow cylinderp. 270
Family 3: inflation, bending, torsion, extension and shearing of an annular wedgep. 270
Family 4: inflation or eversion of a sector of a spherical shellp. 274
Family 5: inflation, bending, extension and azimuthal shearing of an annular wedgep. 275
Summary and the need for numerical solutionsp. 275
Exercisesp. 275
Numerical solutions: the finite element methodp. 277
Discretization and interpolationp. 277
Energy minimizationp. 281
Solving nonlinear problems: initial guessesp. 282
The generic nonlinear minimization algorithmp. 283
The steepest descent methodp. 284
Line minimizationp. 285
The NewtonûRaphson (NR) methodp. 287
Quasi-Newton methodsp. 288
The finite element tangent stiffness matrixp. 289
Elements and shape functionsp. 289
Element mapping and the isoparametric formulationp. 293
Gauss quadraturep. 298
Practical issues of implementationp. 301
Stiffness matrix assemblyp. 307
Boundary conditionsp. 309
The patch testp. 311
The linear elastic limit with small and finite strainsp. 313
Exercisesp. 315
Approximate solutions: reduction to the engineering theoriesp. 317
Mass transfer theoryp. 319
Heat transfer theoryp. 320
Fluid mechanics theoryp. 321
Elasticity theoryp. 322
Afterwordp. 323
Further readingp. 324
Books related to Part I on theoryp. 324
Books related to Part II on solutionsp. 326
Heuristic microscopic derivation of the total energyp. 327
Summary of key continuum mechanics equationsp. 329
Referencesp. 334
Indexp. 343
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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