Preface |
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xv | |
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An Overview of the Criminal Justice System |
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1 | (21) |
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The Constitutional Basis of the Criminal Justice System |
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3 | (1) |
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The Crime Control Industry |
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4 | (2) |
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A Thumbnail Sketch of the Criminal Justice System |
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6 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Two Traditional Models of the Criminal Justice System |
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8 | (2) |
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The President's Commission Model |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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The Criminalization Model |
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10 | (6) |
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The Process of Criminalization |
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10 | (2) |
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Stages in the Criminalization Process |
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12 | (4) |
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Social Inequality and Class Structure in the United States |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (3) |
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The Problem of Crime in American Society |
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22 | (32) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (5) |
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Felonies and Misdemeanors |
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24 | (1) |
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Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita Crimes |
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25 | (1) |
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Classification by Governmental Jurisdiction |
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25 | (1) |
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FBI Classifications of Crime |
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25 | (1) |
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Typologies of Criminal Behavior |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (8) |
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The FBI Uniform Crime Reports |
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30 | (1) |
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Critique of the FBI Uniform Crime Reports |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (13) |
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The Official Crime Picture Painted by the Department of Justice |
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37 | (8) |
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The Other Side of the Crime Picture: Corporate, White-Collar, and State Crimes |
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45 | (5) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (3) |
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Perspectives on Criminal Justice and Law |
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54 | (35) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (3) |
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A Critical Perspective on Criminal Justice |
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60 | (3) |
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Key Assumptions of the Critical Perspective |
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61 | (1) |
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Is the Criminal Justice System Designed to Fail? |
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61 | (2) |
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Perspectives on Criminal Law |
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63 | (5) |
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Consensus/Pluralist Model |
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64 | (1) |
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Interest-Group/Conflict Model |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Some Concluding Thoughts on Critical Law Perspectives |
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67 | (1) |
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The Nature of Criminal Law |
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68 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (7) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Procedural Law: The Rights of the Accused |
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73 | (1) |
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Key Constitutional Amendments that Apply to Criminal Justice |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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Essential Elements of Crime |
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77 | (3) |
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A Voluntary Act: Actus Reus |
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77 | (1) |
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Omission: Failure to Comply with the Legal Duty to Act |
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78 | (1) |
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Culpable Intent: Mens Rea |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (5) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Use of Force in Defense of Self, Others, and Property |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (25) |
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89 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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Variations of Lombroso's Views |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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Feeblemindedness and Crime |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Personality Trait Theories |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (16) |
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Social Disorganization/Social Ecology Theory |
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94 | (5) |
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99 | (4) |
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103 | (2) |
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Control/Social Bond Theory |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (3) |
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A Historical Overview of American Policing |
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114 | (28) |
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117 | (1) |
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A Police Institution Emerges in England |
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118 | (1) |
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The Metropolitan Police of London: Modern Roots of Policing |
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119 | (4) |
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The Bow Street Runners: Managing Class Struggle |
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120 | (1) |
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Bobby Peel and Preventive Policing |
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121 | (2) |
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American Policing Emerges |
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123 | (5) |
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The Colonial and Pre-Post Revolution Period |
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124 | (1) |
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Politics and Police: The Political Era of Policing (1840--1920) |
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125 | (3) |
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The Professional Model Era (1920--1970s) |
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128 | (1) |
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Early Leaders in Modern American Policing |
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128 | (6) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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J. Edgar Hoover: Targeting ``Subversives'' |
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130 | (3) |
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The Whole World Is Watching |
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133 | (1) |
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The Supreme Court and American Policing: Policing the Police |
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134 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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The Escobedo, Gideon, and Miranda Decisions |
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135 | (1) |
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The Erosion of Constitutional Rights |
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136 | (1) |
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The Early Police State Era |
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136 | (2) |
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Unions as a Means to Protect Law Enforcement from the Courts |
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137 | (1) |
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Police Accountability---Selling It to the Public |
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137 | (1) |
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High-Tech Advancements: New Toys for the Boys |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (3) |
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American Law Enforcement in the Twenty-First Century |
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142 | (28) |
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Promoting Fear and Selling the Illusion of Protection |
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144 | (2) |
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American Policing: The Fifth Armed Force? |
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146 | (1) |
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Jurisdictional Considerations |
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147 | (1) |
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American Law Enforcement: Structure, Composition, and Personnel |
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148 | (17) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (4) |
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157 | (8) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (4) |
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Police Functions and Problems |
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170 | (21) |
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Enforcing the Law or Order Maintenance? |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (3) |
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Public Servants or Public Thugs? The Rampart Scandal in Los Angeles |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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The Police and the War on Drugs |
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181 | (1) |
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The Police and the War on Gangs |
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182 | (4) |
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Can the Police Prevent Crime? |
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186 | (2) |
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The Kansas City Experiment |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (3) |
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Criminal Courts: The System and Participants |
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191 | (20) |
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194 | (1) |
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The Criminal Court System: An Overview |
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195 | (3) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Participants in the Court System |
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198 | (10) |
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198 | (1) |
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The Prosecutor: Gatekeeper of the Court System |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (5) |
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206 | (1) |
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Judicial Selection and Judicial Careers |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (3) |
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Criminal Courts: The Process |
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211 | (29) |
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211 | (12) |
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Deciding Whether to Prosecute |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (6) |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (2) |
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Plea Bargaining: Maintaining Bureaucratic Efficiency |
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223 | (5) |
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Historical Development of Plea Bargaining |
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224 | (1) |
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The Plea-Bargaining Process |
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225 | (2) |
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The Consequences of Plea Bargaining |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Stages in the Criminal Trial |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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The Traditional Criminal Trial |
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233 | (1) |
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Challenging the System: Radical-Criminal Trials |
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233 | (3) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (3) |
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240 | (24) |
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Justifications for Punishment |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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The Presentence Investigation Report |
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242 | (1) |
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Sentences in Felony Cases |
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243 | (5) |
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Imprisonment: Types of Sentences |
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243 | (3) |
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246 | (1) |
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Actual Sentences in Felony Cases |
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247 | (1) |
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Capital Punishment: Legalized Homicide |
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248 | (4) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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The Controversy Continues: McCleskey v. Kemp |
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250 | (2) |
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Class and Racial Differences in Sentencing: The Impact of the ``War on Drugs'' |
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252 | (4) |
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Alternatives to Incarceration |
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256 | (5) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Restitution and Community Service |
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259 | (1) |
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Home Confinement/House Arrest |
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259 | (1) |
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Drug and Alcohol Treatment |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (3) |
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264 | (26) |
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Early American Prisons, 1790--1830 |
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264 | (1) |
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The Pennsylvania and Auburn Systems of Penal Discipline, 1830--1870 |
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265 | (1) |
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The Reformatory, 1870--1900 |
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266 | (2) |
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The ``Big House,'' 1900--1946 |
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268 | (1) |
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The ``Correctional Institution,'' 1946--1980 |
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269 | (2) |
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The Modern Era and Into the Twenty-First Century |
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271 | (14) |
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Prisons as a Growth Industry |
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271 | (2) |
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Jails: Temporary Housing for the Poor |
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273 | (4) |
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The New American Apartheid: The Incarceration of African Americans |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (3) |
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The Privatization of Prisons: More Profits for Private Industry |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (4) |
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Doing Time in American Prisons |
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290 | (32) |
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290 | (12) |
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Who Goes to Prison and for What Crimes? |
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290 | (2) |
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A Look inside the Prison World |
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292 | (6) |
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Doing Time and Prisonization |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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Inmate Views of the ``Outside'' |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (7) |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (4) |
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309 | (2) |
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Getting Out of Prison on Parole |
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311 | (7) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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The Increase of Parole Failures: Why? |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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Coping with the Parole System |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (3) |
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The Juvenile Justice System |
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322 | (35) |
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322 | (3) |
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A Brief History of the Juvenile Justice System in America |
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325 | (4) |
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329 | (1) |
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Juvenile Court: The Structure |
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330 | (1) |
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Juvenile Court: The Process |
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331 | (13) |
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Who Is Referred to Juvenile Court and for What? |
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331 | (4) |
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Race and Juvenile Court Processing |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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The Effect of the ``War on Drugs'' on Referrals to Juvenile Court |
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336 | (1) |
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Case Study: The ``Saints'' and the ``Roughnecks'' |
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337 | (2) |
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The Intake Process and the Decision to Detain |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (3) |
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Racial Composition of Juvenile Institutions |
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345 | (1) |
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Some Effects of Incarceration |
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346 | (1) |
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Giving Up on Delinquent Youth: Transfer to the Adult System |
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347 | (2) |
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Juveniles Incarcerated in Adult Prisons |
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349 | (1) |
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Applying the Death Penalty to Juveniles |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (4) |
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Women and the Criminal Justice System |
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357 | (25) |
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Women and the Law: A Historical Overview |
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357 | (3) |
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360 | (3) |
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360 | (2) |
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Class, Race, and Women Offenders |
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362 | (1) |
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Sentencing Patterns, The ``War on Drugs,'' and Women |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (7) |
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365 | (3) |
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368 | (1) |
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A Profile of Women in Prison |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (2) |
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Young Women and the Juvenile Justice System |
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372 | (6) |
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Keeping Girls in Their Place: The Development of Institutions for Girls |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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The Child-Saving Movement, the Juvenile Court, and Girls |
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373 | (3) |
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376 | (1) |
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Juvenile Court and the Double Standard of Juvenile Justice |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (3) |
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Making Changes: Reforming Criminal Justice and Seeking Social Justice |
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382 | (19) |
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383 | (1) |
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Addressing the Problem of Social Inequality |
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384 | (1) |
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Ending the ``War on Drugs'' |
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384 | (4) |
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Myths and Realities about Drugs and Crime |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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Expanding Diversion Programs, Avoiding Net Widening |
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388 | (3) |
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Broad-based National Strategies to Reduce Crime |
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391 | (4) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (3) |
Index |
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401 | |