Demography : The Study of Human Population,9781577661757

Demography : The Study of Human Population

by ;
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9781577661757
ISBN10: 1577661753
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2001-02-01
Publisher(s): Waveland Pr Inc
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Table of Contents

Preface xiii
Introduction
1(16)
Demography Defined
1(2)
Current Population Size and Composition
3(3)
Absolute Size, Distribution, and Density
3(2)
Composition
5(1)
Population Change
6(5)
Population Growth and Its Components
6(2)
Growth Components as Population Processes
8(3)
Population Change: Growth and Reclassification
11(1)
Population Problems
11(3)
Public Definition
12(1)
Population Problems in This Textbook
13(1)
Summary
14(1)
Exercises
14(1)
Propositions for Debate
15(1)
References and Suggested Readings
16(1)
Demographic Data
17(22)
Population Censuses
17(6)
Basic Features
18(1)
Census Topics
19(2)
Census Errors
21(2)
Evolution of the U.S. Census
23(7)
Coverage
24(1)
Census Geography
24(2)
Content
26(2)
Data Collection
28(1)
Processing and Publication
29(1)
Registration and Vital Statistics
30(2)
Evolution of Vital Statistics Systems
30(1)
Difficulties
31(1)
Population Registers
32(1)
Sample Surveys
32(1)
Demographic Estimation
33(2)
Why Estimates Are Needed
33(1)
Estimation of Historical Population Size
34(1)
Summary
35(1)
Propositions for Debate
36(1)
References and Suggested Readings
36(3)
Population Growth
39(36)
A History of Global Population Growth
39(5)
Premodern Growth, Before 1650
40(1)
Modern Explosion, 1650 to the Present
41(3)
Classifying Countries
44(3)
The Development Dichotomy: MDRs and LDRs
44(1)
The Demographic Taxonomy: Pre-Transition, Transitional, and Late-Transition Countries
44(1)
Contrasts between Categories
45(2)
The Prototypical European Demographic Transition
47(3)
Description
47(1)
Demographic Transition Theories
48(2)
Differential Growth, 1950 to 2035
50(4)
Counts and Estimates, 1950 to 1995
50(2)
Projections, 1995 to 2035
52(1)
Projections as Predictions
53(1)
Problems of a Changing World Distribution
54(2)
Problems of Population Size
56(7)
Carrying Capacity and Density
56(1)
From Malthus to Marx to the Neo-Malthusians
57(3)
Global Overpopulation
60(2)
National Overpopulation
62(1)
Problems of Growth Rates
63(4)
Too-Rapid Growth
63(3)
Too-Slow Growth
66(1)
Summary
67(1)
Exercises
68(1)
Propositions for Debate
69(1)
References and Suggested Readings
70(5)
Age and Sex Structure
75(46)
Describing Age-Sex Structure
75(5)
Quality of Census Data
75(2)
Describing Age Structure
77(2)
Describing Sex Structure
79(1)
Population Pyramids
80(1)
Contrasts Between More-Developed and Less-Developed Countries
80(8)
The Recent Past, Up to 1990
80(2)
Projected Changes, 1990 to 2050
82(4)
Evolution of the U.S. Structure
86(2)
How Structure Affects the Population Processes
88(1)
Mortality
88(1)
Fertility
88(1)
Migration
88(1)
How the Population Processes Determine Structure
89(9)
Mortality Decline
91(3)
Fertility Decline
94(2)
Migration
96(2)
Problems of Young Populations in the LDRs
98(1)
Development Concerns
98(1)
Social and Health Concerns
99(1)
Problems of Old Populations in the MDRs
99(9)
Productivity of the Workforce
100(2)
Increasing Size and Visibility of the Elderly Population
102(1)
Old-Age Dependency
103(2)
The Future of Social Security
105(1)
Health and Capacity
106(1)
The Intergenerational Distribution of Wealth
107(1)
Integrenerational Perceptions and Structural Relations
107(1)
Problems of Fluctuations in Cohort Size in the MDRs
108(2)
Institutional Problems
109(1)
Cohort Problems
109(1)
Summary
110(1)
Exercises
111(4)
Propositions For Debate
115(1)
References and Suggested Readings
116(5)
Mortality
121(36)
Measuring Mortality Via Life Expectancy
121(5)
Counting Deaths
121(1)
Computing and Interpreting Life Expectancy
122(4)
Historical Mortality Transitions
126(7)
Increases in Life Expectancy
126(2)
Proximate Causes of Death
128(4)
How Certain Proximate Causes of Death Were Avoided
132(1)
Mortality Declines in the Less-Developed Regions
133(5)
Increases in Life Expectancy
133(1)
Decreases in Infant Mortality
134(2)
Proximate Causes of Death and Their Control
136(2)
Sex Differences in Mortality in the More-Developed Regions
138(3)
Current Contrasts between More-Developed and Less-Developed Regions
138(1)
Explaining Superior Female Longevity in the More-Developed Regions
139(2)
Problems of Mortality
141(6)
Defining Mortality Problems
141(1)
Problems of Stalled Mortality Transitions
142(1)
HIV/AIDS and Other Emergent Diseases
143(2)
Inequality of Persistent High Mortality
145(2)
Summary
147(1)
Exercises
148(3)
Propositions for Debate
151(1)
References and Suggested Readings
151(6)
Morbidity and Health
157(26)
Why Demographers Study Morbidity
157(1)
Morbidity and Mortality in the Epidemiological Transition
158(3)
Sources of Data
158(1)
Two Underlying Causes
159(2)
Infant and Child Health
161(1)
Modern Morbidity Data
161(2)
Surveillance Systems and Registries
161(1)
Health Surveys
162(1)
Cause-of-Death Reports
163(1)
Measuring Morbidity
163(4)
Morbidity Rates
163(1)
Incidence and Prevalence of Leading Morbidity Causes
164(2)
Age and Sex Patterns of Morbidity
166(1)
Morbidity Problems: Costs of Lost Life and Health
167(3)
Years of Life Lost
167(1)
Years of Health Lost
168(2)
Years of Life and Health Lost
170(1)
Morbidity Problems: Risk Factors
170(6)
Relative Importance
170(2)
Malnutrition
172(1)
Environmental Health
173(1)
Infant and Child Morbidity
174(1)
Unhealthy Lifestyles
174(1)
Injuries
174(1)
Frail Old Age
175(1)
Summary
176(1)
Exercises
177(2)
Propositions for Debate
179(1)
References and Suggested Readings
179(4)
Fertility
183(50)
European Fertility Transitions
184(7)
Historical Demography
184(1)
The Malthusian Transition
185(1)
The Neo-Malthusian Transitions
186(3)
Causes of the Neo-Malthusian Transition: Some Theories
189(2)
Measuring Period Fertility
191(5)
Getting Information about Births
192(1)
Fertility Rates
193(1)
Total Fertility Rates
193(2)
General Fertility Rates
195(1)
Recent Fertility Declines
196(3)
In Less-Developed and More-Developed Regions
196(1)
Replacement-Level Fertility
197(1)
Malthusian and Neo-Malthusian Components
197(1)
Projections
198(1)
Explaining Period Fertility Changes: The U.S. Case
199(7)
History of the U.S. Crude Birth Rate
199(1)
The Influence of Age Structure on Period Fertility
200(2)
The Influence of Cohort Completed Fertility
202(2)
The Influence of Timing
204(2)
The Influence of Age Structure on Cohort Fertility
206(1)
Explaining Cohort Fertility
206(3)
Explanation by Background
207(1)
The Proximate Determinants of Fertility
207(1)
Voluntary versus Involuntary Factors
208(1)
Intercourse Variables
209(2)
Being in Sexual Unions
209(1)
Exposure within Unions
210(1)
Conception Variables
211(5)
Involuntary Factors
211(2)
Breast-Feeding
213(1)
Contraception
213(3)
Gestation Variables
216(2)
Involuntary Interruption
216(1)
Voluntary Interruption
216(2)
Fertility ``Problems''
218(3)
Fertility, Age Structure, and Population Growth: A Review
218(1)
Maternal and Child Mortality and Morbidity
219(1)
Unmet Contraceptive Needs and Unwanted Pregnancies
219(2)
Adolescent Fertility
221(1)
Family-Planning Programs in the Less-Developed Regions
221(3)
The Goals of Family Planning
222(1)
Critics and Compromises
222(1)
The Health and Reproductive Rights Agenda
223(1)
Suport for Family-Planning Programs
223(1)
Summary
224(1)
Exercises
225(2)
Propositions for Debate
227(1)
References and Suggested Readings
227(6)
Marriage and Householding
233(38)
Definition and Measurement
234(5)
Definitions
234(1)
Data on Marriage and Divorce
235(1)
Marital Status Composition
236(2)
Annual Rates
238(1)
World Variations in First Marriage
239(12)
The First-Marriage Curve
239(1)
Current Variations Among Less-Developed Countries
240(6)
Europe, Past and Present
246(1)
The United States, Past and Present
247(4)
Marital Dissolution Trends in the United States
251(7)
Widowhood in the United States
253(2)
Divorce in the United States
255(3)
Family Life Course Trends in the United States
258(4)
Changes in Completed Family Life Courses
259(1)
Recent Changes in Timing of Marital Events
260(2)
Which Marital Trends Are Problems?
262(2)
Summary
264(1)
Exercises
265(2)
Propositions for Debate
267(1)
References and Suggested Readings
268(3)
Migration
271(42)
What Is Migration?
271(3)
Which Moves Are Migrations?
271(1)
Which Dimensions of Migration Are Important?
272(2)
Data Sources
274(5)
Administrative Records
275(1)
Registering Border Crossings
275(1)
Asking Retrospective Census or Survey Questions
276(1)
Estimating from Intercensal Growth
277(2)
Estimating Illegal Immigration
279(1)
International Migration
279(9)
Prehistoric and Historic Variety
280(1)
Premodern Migration Streams, 1500-1965
281(2)
Modern Migration Streams
283(4)
Impact on Resident Populations
287(1)
Internal Migration: The U.S. Case
288(4)
A Brief History of U.S. Interregional Migration
288(1)
Current Interregional Net Migration
289(1)
Effect of Population Age Composition
290(2)
Determinants of Migration
292(5)
From Empirical Generalizations to Theories
292(2)
Migration Theories
294(3)
Migration Problems and Policies
297(5)
Spread of National Policies
297(2)
Impact on Size and Growth Rates
299(1)
Impact on the Labor Force
299(2)
Impact on Social Composition
301(1)
Immigration Policy: The U.S. Case
302(4)
A Breif History
302(2)
Recent Immigration Reforms
304(2)
Summary
306(1)
Exercises
307(2)
Propositions for Debate
309(1)
References and Suggested Readings
310(3)
Urbanization
313(30)
World Urbanization: Past, Present, and Future
313(10)
Definition and Measurement
313(1)
A History of Urbanization
314(3)
The Components of Urban Growth
317(1)
Regional Urbanization Trends
318(3)
City Size, Mega-Cities, and Urban Corridors
321(2)
Urbanization ``Problems'' and Policies in the Less-Developed Regions
323(5)
Governmental Concerns
323(1)
Out-Migration from Rural Areas
324(1)
In-Migration to the Cities
325(1)
Maldistribution of Cities
325(1)
Reasons for Limited Migration Policy Success
326(2)
Urbanization ``Problems'' in the More-Developed Regions
328(7)
Urbanization and Counter-Urbanization in More-Developed Regions
329(1)
Metropolitan Growth: The U.S. Case
330(4)
Metropolitan ``Problems'': The U.S. Case
334(1)
Summary
335(1)
Exercises
336(2)
Propositions for Debate
338(1)
References and Selected Readings
339(4)
Population Diversity
343(34)
Demographic Terminology
343(3)
Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry
343(2)
Definition and Measurement in the United States
345(1)
The Demography of U.S. Ethnic Groups
346(17)
Relative Growth
346(2)
Age and Sex Structures
348(2)
Mortality
350(2)
Morbidity and Health
352(3)
Fertility
355(2)
Marriage
357(2)
Migration
359(4)
Problems and Policies
363(7)
Urban Segregation
364(3)
Inequities in Health
367(1)
Higher Ethnic Group Fertility
368(1)
Accommodating Ethnic Immigrants
369(1)
Summary
370(1)
Exercises
371(2)
Propositions for Debate
373(1)
References and Selected Readings
373(4)
Glossary 377(12)
Index 389

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