Drm, a Design Research Methodology

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2009-06-26
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
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Summary

Design research is a fast-growing field of inquiry with significant importance in terms of helping society to create products and processes of improved quality and for enhancing the environment in which we live. The step-wise, hands-on approach of DRM studies the ways in which design research can best be undertaken to address specific questions. This study gives rise, for the first time, to a generic and systematic design research methodology intended to improve the quality of design research ' its academic credibility, industrial significance and societal contribution ' by enabling more thorough, efficient and effective procedures.Professors Blessing and Chakrabarti provide a comprehensive list of types of design research linked to appropriate research methods ' familiar as well as new ' and supported by illustrative examples throughout the text. Furthermore, the book points the way to more detailed sources of various established research methods that can be applied. The practical emphasis of the text is reinforced by a whole section of design research project examples contributed by eminent design researchers and placed in the context of the proposed methodology to demonstrate the application of the variety of approaches available in a structured fashion.DRM, a Design Research Methodology, speaks to a broad readership: it will provide the graduate student with an excellent grounding in good design research practice, inculcating good habits of research for the future and showing how the process of understanding and improving design can become more effective and efficient; it will interest the academic and industrial researcher as a source of useful and well-ordered methods within a common design research ethos, as well as a methodological framework for research projects and programmes; it will attract the supervisors of young researchers by offering research methods and a well-thought-out and logically structured research process for use in courses on design research.

Author Biography

Both authors have been involved in design research for more than two decades, developing a deeper understanding of design and various effective forms of support for designers in the various stages of the design process. Lucienne Blessing has undertaken a variety of empirical design studies to better understand the design process as well as the requirements of methods and tools for design, resulting, e.g. in a support system for design. She has been teaching DRM - the Design Research Methodology described in this book - for ten years in an annual international Summer School on Engineering Design Research for PhD students. She received an award at the International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED97) for her contribution to design science. The second author's research led to the development of computer support for the creation of novel solutions for engineering design problems. For this work he received an award in the Morgans-Grampian UK Manufacturing Industry Awards competition. He has been teaching DRM to research students in India for seven years in an annual one Semester Course on Design Research Methodology for Masters and PhD students. The authors have led research teams, supervised a large number of student design research projects, in particular PhD research, and have been involved in a large number of design projects. The first author is are Co-Editor-in-Chief for Springer's Research in Engineering Design journal (the second is on the advisory board), and both are Advisory Editors of several other journals including Journal of Engineering Design (Taylor & Francis), AI EDAM (Cambridge University Press), and Advanced Engineering Informatics (Elsevier). The authors regularly chair sessions at conferences and have been members of various advisory boards and organising committees. They frequently review books, papers, dissertations, and grant applications for various countries and are both on the Advisory Board of the Design Society.

Table of Contents

Introductionp. 1
Designp. 1
Design Researchp. 2
Main Issuesp. 6
Lack of Overview of Existing Researchp. 6
Lack of Use of Results in Practicep. 7
Lack of Scientific Rigourp. 8
Need for a Design Research Methodologyp. 9
Objectivesp. 10
Structure of This Bookp. 11
Main Pointsp. 12
DRM: A Design Research Methodologyp. 13
Introductionp. 13
Methodological Frameworkp. 14
Types of Research Within the DRM Frameworkp. 18
Representing Existing and Desired Situationsp. 19
Graphical Representationp. 20
From Reference Model to Impact Modelp. 24
Success Criteria and Measurable Success Criteriap. 26
The Main Stagesp. 29
Research Clarification (RC)p. 29
Descriptive Study I (DS-I)p. 31
Prescriptive Study (PS)p. 33
Descriptive Study II (DS-II)p. 35
Summaryp. 38
Comparison with Other Methodologiesp. 38
Main Pointsp. 41
Research Clarificationp. 43
Research Clarification Processp. 44
Identifying Overall Topic of Interestp. 45
Clarifying Current Understanding and Expectationsp. 51
Clarifying Criteria, Main Questions and Hypothesesp. 57
Criteriap. 57
Research Questions and Hypothesesp. 59
Selecting Type of Researchp. 60
Determining Areas of Relevance and Contributionp. 63
Formulating Overall Research Planp. 67
Overall Research Planp. 67
Visualisation Exercisep. 68
Reflection on RCp. 69
General Guidelines on Doing Researchp. 70
Main Pointsp. 72
Descriptive Study I: Understanding Designp. 75
Schools of Thoughtp. 76
Types of DS-Ip. 80
DS-I Process Stepsp. 80
Reviewing Literaturep. 81
Identifying Literaturep. 82
Summarising Literaturep. 83
Updating Reference and Impact Modelsp. 86
Determining Research Focusp. 89
Identifying and Defining Factors and Links of Interestp. 89
Formulating Research Questions and Hypothesesp. 90
Techniques for Refining Research Questions and Hypothesesp. 96
Focusing the Set of Research Questions and Hypothesesp. 101
Developing Research Plan for DS-Ip. 102
Selection of Methodsp. 102
Selection of Data-collection Methodsp. 103
Detailing the Research Planp. 109
Pilot Studyp. 114
Undertaking an Empirical Studyp. 114
Collecting Datap. 115
Processing Datap. 116
Analysing and Interpreting Datap. 121
Verifying Resultsp. 124
Drawing Conclusionsp. 128
Updating the Initial Reference Modelp. 129
Determining Further Empirical Studiesp. 130
Drawing Overall Conclusionsp. 131
Combining Results of Empirical Studiesp. 131
Completing the Reference Model and Updating the Initial Impact Modelp. 132
Documenting Researchp. 135
Consequences and Suggestions for the Intended Supportp. 136
Determining Next Stagep. 136
Determining Future Workp. 136
Main Pointsp. 137
Prescriptive Study: Developing Design Supportp. 141
Types of Design Supportp. 142
Types of PSp. 143
A Systematic PS Processp. 144
Task Clarificationp. 148
Conceptualisationp. 153
Determining Main Functionsp. 153
Generating and Selecting Support Conceptsp. 155
Introduction Planp. 159
Elaborationp. 164
Realisationp. 167
Core Contributions, Support Functionalities and Outline Evaluation Planp. 167
Developing Actual Supportp. 169
Actual Introduction Plan and Actual Impact Modelp. 171
Tool Developmentp. 173
Support Evaluationp. 176
Main Pointsp. 178
Descritptive Study II: Evaluating Design Supportp. 181
Evaluationp. 182
Importance of Evaluationp. 182
Types of Evaluation in DRMp. 184
Synthesis Examplep. 186
DS-I Versus DS-IIp. 189
Existing Evaluation Approachesp. 190
Types of DS-IIp. 195
Initial DS-IIp. 195
Comprehensive DS-IIp. 195
Systematic DS-II Processp. 196
Reviewing Existing Documentationp. 197
Determining Evaluation Focusp. 199
Aspects to be Consideredp. 199
Determine Focusp. 201
Developing Evaluation Plan(s)p. 201
Develop Measurementsp. 202
Evaluation Planp. 204
Pilot Studyp. 209
Undertaking Evaluationp. 209
Drawing Overall Conclusionsp. 211
Main Pointsp. 212
Writing Up: Publishing Resultsp. 215
Various Forms of Publication and Their Intentp. 216
Overall Structure of a Thesisp. 217
Approaches to Help Structure a Thesisp. 219
Table of Content Approachp. 219
Presentation Approachp. 219
Methodical Design Approachp. 220
Question and Answer Approachp. 220
Tips on Writing Specific Sectionsp. 221
Writing the Table of Contents and Other Listsp. 221
Writing the Introductionp. 221
Writing the Literature Reviewp. 222
Writing the Research Approachp. 224
Writing the Outcomesp. 224
Writing the Conclusions and Acknowledgementsp. 225
Writing the Reference List and Bibliographyp. 226
Writing Papersp. 227
General Guidelinesp. 227
About Contentp. 227
About Formp. 228
Main Pointsp. 229
Summary and Conclusionsp. 231
Experience of Using DRMp. 231
Feedback from the Summer School on Engineering Design Researchp. 233
Feedback from the Design Research Methodology Coursep. 235
Other Sourcesp. 236
Further Researchp. 237
Descriptive Study Methodsp. 239
Paradigms and Assumptionsp. 239
Paradigmsp. 240
Assumptionsp. 242
Reviewing Empirical Studiesp. 243
Aim, Research Questions, Hypothesesp. 245
Nature of the Studyp. 245
Theoretical Basisp. 245
Unit of Analysisp. 246
Data-collection Methodp. 246
Role of Researcherp. 247
Time Constraintp. 248
Continuationp. 248
Durationp. 248
Observed Processp. 248
Settingp. 249
Taskp. 249
Number of Casesp. 250
Case Sizep. 250
Participantsp. 251
Objectp. 251
Coding and Analysis Method(s)p. 251
Verification Method(s)p. 251
Findingsp. 252
Notesp. 252
Examplep. 252
Laboratory Versus Industrial Environmentp. 254
Data-collection Methodsp. 254
Observationp. 257
Simultaneous Verbalisationp. 262
Experiments, Quasi-experiments and Non-experimentsp. 264
Case Studyp. 268
Collecting Documentsp. 269
Collecting Productsp. 269
Questionnairesp. 269
Interviewingp. 271
Action Researchp. 273
Statistical Analysisp. 273
Prescriptive Study Methodsp. 277
Product Development Methodologiesp. 277
Methods for Analysing Objectives and Establishing Requirementsp. 278
Methods for Synthesising Support Proposalsp. 279
Methods for Simulating Support Behaviourp. 280
Methods for Evaluating and Selecting Support Proposalsp. 281
Software Development Approachesp. 282
A Design Support Software Development Methodologyp. 282
Software Development Paradigmsp. 283
Generic Software Development Methodologiesp. 285
The Waterfall Modelp. 286
Generic Technologiesp. 290
CASE Toolsp. 294
User-interface Designp. 295
User-interface Development Issuesp. 295
Levels of Abstractionp. 297
User-interface Development Processes and Methodsp. 297
Interactive Software Development Environmentsp. 300
User-interface Evaluationp. 300
Support Outline: Summarising Scope and Assumptionsp. 301
Example Research Projectsp. 305
Overview of the Examplesp. 305
A Process-based Approach to Computer-supported Engineering Designp. 307
Introduction and Aim of Researchp. 307
Research Approachp. 308
Resultsp. 311
Evaluation of the Resultsp. 314
Conclusions About the Research Approachp. 316
Continuationp. 316
Referencesp. 316
Reflections from the DRM Perspectivep. 316
A Program for Computational Synthesis and Conceptual Design Supportp. 318
Introduction and Aim of Researchp. 318
Research Approachp. 319
Resultsp. 322
Evaluation of Resultsp. 324
Conclusions About the Research Approachp. 325
Continuationp. 325
Referencesp. 326
Reflections from the DRM Perspectivep. 326
Teamwork in Engineering Designp. 328
Introduction and Aim of Researchp. 328
Research Approachp. 329
Resultsp. 334
Evaluation of Resultsp. 336
Conclusions About the Research Approachp. 336
Continuationp. 337
Referencesp. 337
Reflections from the DRM Perspectivep. 338
Measuring Conceptual Design Process Performance in Mechanical Engineering: A Question-based Approachp. 339
Introduction and Aim of Researchp. 339
Research Approachp. 340
Results and Evaluation of Resultsp. 344
Conclusions About the Research Approachp. 348
Continuationp. 349
Referencesp. 349
Reflections from the DRM Perspectivep. 350
Design for Qualityp. 351
Introduction and Aim of Researchp. 351
Research Approachp. 353
Resultsp. 355
Evaluation of Resultsp. 358
Conclusions About the Research Approachp. 359
Continuationp. 359
Referencesp. 359
Reflections from the DRM Perspectivep. 360
Multi-disciplinary Design Problemsp. 361
Introduction and Aims of the Researchp. 361
Research Approachp. 363
Results and their Evaluationp. 366
Conclusions About the Research Approachp. 368
Continuation of Projectp. 368
Referencesp. 369
Reflections from the DRM Perspectivep. 370
Design for Reliability in Mechanical Systemp. 371
Introduction and Aim of Researchp. 371
Research Approachp. 372
Resultsp. 376
Evaluation of the Resultsp. 378
Conclusions About the Research Approachp. 379
Continuationp. 380
Referencesp. 380
Reflections from the DRM Perspectivep. 380
Referencesp. 383
Indexp. 393
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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