
Drm, a Design Research Methodology
by Blessing, Lucienne T. m.; Chakrabarti, Amaresh-
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Summary
Author Biography
Table of Contents
Introduction | p. 1 |
Design | p. 1 |
Design Research | p. 2 |
Main Issues | p. 6 |
Lack of Overview of Existing Research | p. 6 |
Lack of Use of Results in Practice | p. 7 |
Lack of Scientific Rigour | p. 8 |
Need for a Design Research Methodology | p. 9 |
Objectives | p. 10 |
Structure of This Book | p. 11 |
Main Points | p. 12 |
DRM: A Design Research Methodology | p. 13 |
Introduction | p. 13 |
Methodological Framework | p. 14 |
Types of Research Within the DRM Framework | p. 18 |
Representing Existing and Desired Situations | p. 19 |
Graphical Representation | p. 20 |
From Reference Model to Impact Model | p. 24 |
Success Criteria and Measurable Success Criteria | p. 26 |
The Main Stages | p. 29 |
Research Clarification (RC) | p. 29 |
Descriptive Study I (DS-I) | p. 31 |
Prescriptive Study (PS) | p. 33 |
Descriptive Study II (DS-II) | p. 35 |
Summary | p. 38 |
Comparison with Other Methodologies | p. 38 |
Main Points | p. 41 |
Research Clarification | p. 43 |
Research Clarification Process | p. 44 |
Identifying Overall Topic of Interest | p. 45 |
Clarifying Current Understanding and Expectations | p. 51 |
Clarifying Criteria, Main Questions and Hypotheses | p. 57 |
Criteria | p. 57 |
Research Questions and Hypotheses | p. 59 |
Selecting Type of Research | p. 60 |
Determining Areas of Relevance and Contribution | p. 63 |
Formulating Overall Research Plan | p. 67 |
Overall Research Plan | p. 67 |
Visualisation Exercise | p. 68 |
Reflection on RC | p. 69 |
General Guidelines on Doing Research | p. 70 |
Main Points | p. 72 |
Descriptive Study I: Understanding Design | p. 75 |
Schools of Thought | p. 76 |
Types of DS-I | p. 80 |
DS-I Process Steps | p. 80 |
Reviewing Literature | p. 81 |
Identifying Literature | p. 82 |
Summarising Literature | p. 83 |
Updating Reference and Impact Models | p. 86 |
Determining Research Focus | p. 89 |
Identifying and Defining Factors and Links of Interest | p. 89 |
Formulating Research Questions and Hypotheses | p. 90 |
Techniques for Refining Research Questions and Hypotheses | p. 96 |
Focusing the Set of Research Questions and Hypotheses | p. 101 |
Developing Research Plan for DS-I | p. 102 |
Selection of Methods | p. 102 |
Selection of Data-collection Methods | p. 103 |
Detailing the Research Plan | p. 109 |
Pilot Study | p. 114 |
Undertaking an Empirical Study | p. 114 |
Collecting Data | p. 115 |
Processing Data | p. 116 |
Analysing and Interpreting Data | p. 121 |
Verifying Results | p. 124 |
Drawing Conclusions | p. 128 |
Updating the Initial Reference Model | p. 129 |
Determining Further Empirical Studies | p. 130 |
Drawing Overall Conclusions | p. 131 |
Combining Results of Empirical Studies | p. 131 |
Completing the Reference Model and Updating the Initial Impact Model | p. 132 |
Documenting Research | p. 135 |
Consequences and Suggestions for the Intended Support | p. 136 |
Determining Next Stage | p. 136 |
Determining Future Work | p. 136 |
Main Points | p. 137 |
Prescriptive Study: Developing Design Support | p. 141 |
Types of Design Support | p. 142 |
Types of PS | p. 143 |
A Systematic PS Process | p. 144 |
Task Clarification | p. 148 |
Conceptualisation | p. 153 |
Determining Main Functions | p. 153 |
Generating and Selecting Support Concepts | p. 155 |
Introduction Plan | p. 159 |
Elaboration | p. 164 |
Realisation | p. 167 |
Core Contributions, Support Functionalities and Outline Evaluation Plan | p. 167 |
Developing Actual Support | p. 169 |
Actual Introduction Plan and Actual Impact Model | p. 171 |
Tool Development | p. 173 |
Support Evaluation | p. 176 |
Main Points | p. 178 |
Descritptive Study II: Evaluating Design Support | p. 181 |
Evaluation | p. 182 |
Importance of Evaluation | p. 182 |
Types of Evaluation in DRM | p. 184 |
Synthesis Example | p. 186 |
DS-I Versus DS-II | p. 189 |
Existing Evaluation Approaches | p. 190 |
Types of DS-II | p. 195 |
Initial DS-II | p. 195 |
Comprehensive DS-II | p. 195 |
Systematic DS-II Process | p. 196 |
Reviewing Existing Documentation | p. 197 |
Determining Evaluation Focus | p. 199 |
Aspects to be Considered | p. 199 |
Determine Focus | p. 201 |
Developing Evaluation Plan(s) | p. 201 |
Develop Measurements | p. 202 |
Evaluation Plan | p. 204 |
Pilot Study | p. 209 |
Undertaking Evaluation | p. 209 |
Drawing Overall Conclusions | p. 211 |
Main Points | p. 212 |
Writing Up: Publishing Results | p. 215 |
Various Forms of Publication and Their Intent | p. 216 |
Overall Structure of a Thesis | p. 217 |
Approaches to Help Structure a Thesis | p. 219 |
Table of Content Approach | p. 219 |
Presentation Approach | p. 219 |
Methodical Design Approach | p. 220 |
Question and Answer Approach | p. 220 |
Tips on Writing Specific Sections | p. 221 |
Writing the Table of Contents and Other Lists | p. 221 |
Writing the Introduction | p. 221 |
Writing the Literature Review | p. 222 |
Writing the Research Approach | p. 224 |
Writing the Outcomes | p. 224 |
Writing the Conclusions and Acknowledgements | p. 225 |
Writing the Reference List and Bibliography | p. 226 |
Writing Papers | p. 227 |
General Guidelines | p. 227 |
About Content | p. 227 |
About Form | p. 228 |
Main Points | p. 229 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 231 |
Experience of Using DRM | p. 231 |
Feedback from the Summer School on Engineering Design Research | p. 233 |
Feedback from the Design Research Methodology Course | p. 235 |
Other Sources | p. 236 |
Further Research | p. 237 |
Descriptive Study Methods | p. 239 |
Paradigms and Assumptions | p. 239 |
Paradigms | p. 240 |
Assumptions | p. 242 |
Reviewing Empirical Studies | p. 243 |
Aim, Research Questions, Hypotheses | p. 245 |
Nature of the Study | p. 245 |
Theoretical Basis | p. 245 |
Unit of Analysis | p. 246 |
Data-collection Method | p. 246 |
Role of Researcher | p. 247 |
Time Constraint | p. 248 |
Continuation | p. 248 |
Duration | p. 248 |
Observed Process | p. 248 |
Setting | p. 249 |
Task | p. 249 |
Number of Cases | p. 250 |
Case Size | p. 250 |
Participants | p. 251 |
Object | p. 251 |
Coding and Analysis Method(s) | p. 251 |
Verification Method(s) | p. 251 |
Findings | p. 252 |
Notes | p. 252 |
Example | p. 252 |
Laboratory Versus Industrial Environment | p. 254 |
Data-collection Methods | p. 254 |
Observation | p. 257 |
Simultaneous Verbalisation | p. 262 |
Experiments, Quasi-experiments and Non-experiments | p. 264 |
Case Study | p. 268 |
Collecting Documents | p. 269 |
Collecting Products | p. 269 |
Questionnaires | p. 269 |
Interviewing | p. 271 |
Action Research | p. 273 |
Statistical Analysis | p. 273 |
Prescriptive Study Methods | p. 277 |
Product Development Methodologies | p. 277 |
Methods for Analysing Objectives and Establishing Requirements | p. 278 |
Methods for Synthesising Support Proposals | p. 279 |
Methods for Simulating Support Behaviour | p. 280 |
Methods for Evaluating and Selecting Support Proposals | p. 281 |
Software Development Approaches | p. 282 |
A Design Support Software Development Methodology | p. 282 |
Software Development Paradigms | p. 283 |
Generic Software Development Methodologies | p. 285 |
The Waterfall Model | p. 286 |
Generic Technologies | p. 290 |
CASE Tools | p. 294 |
User-interface Design | p. 295 |
User-interface Development Issues | p. 295 |
Levels of Abstraction | p. 297 |
User-interface Development Processes and Methods | p. 297 |
Interactive Software Development Environments | p. 300 |
User-interface Evaluation | p. 300 |
Support Outline: Summarising Scope and Assumptions | p. 301 |
Example Research Projects | p. 305 |
Overview of the Examples | p. 305 |
A Process-based Approach to Computer-supported Engineering Design | p. 307 |
Introduction and Aim of Research | p. 307 |
Research Approach | p. 308 |
Results | p. 311 |
Evaluation of the Results | p. 314 |
Conclusions About the Research Approach | p. 316 |
Continuation | p. 316 |
References | p. 316 |
Reflections from the DRM Perspective | p. 316 |
A Program for Computational Synthesis and Conceptual Design Support | p. 318 |
Introduction and Aim of Research | p. 318 |
Research Approach | p. 319 |
Results | p. 322 |
Evaluation of Results | p. 324 |
Conclusions About the Research Approach | p. 325 |
Continuation | p. 325 |
References | p. 326 |
Reflections from the DRM Perspective | p. 326 |
Teamwork in Engineering Design | p. 328 |
Introduction and Aim of Research | p. 328 |
Research Approach | p. 329 |
Results | p. 334 |
Evaluation of Results | p. 336 |
Conclusions About the Research Approach | p. 336 |
Continuation | p. 337 |
References | p. 337 |
Reflections from the DRM Perspective | p. 338 |
Measuring Conceptual Design Process Performance in Mechanical Engineering: A Question-based Approach | p. 339 |
Introduction and Aim of Research | p. 339 |
Research Approach | p. 340 |
Results and Evaluation of Results | p. 344 |
Conclusions About the Research Approach | p. 348 |
Continuation | p. 349 |
References | p. 349 |
Reflections from the DRM Perspective | p. 350 |
Design for Quality | p. 351 |
Introduction and Aim of Research | p. 351 |
Research Approach | p. 353 |
Results | p. 355 |
Evaluation of Results | p. 358 |
Conclusions About the Research Approach | p. 359 |
Continuation | p. 359 |
References | p. 359 |
Reflections from the DRM Perspective | p. 360 |
Multi-disciplinary Design Problems | p. 361 |
Introduction and Aims of the Research | p. 361 |
Research Approach | p. 363 |
Results and their Evaluation | p. 366 |
Conclusions About the Research Approach | p. 368 |
Continuation of Project | p. 368 |
References | p. 369 |
Reflections from the DRM Perspective | p. 370 |
Design for Reliability in Mechanical System | p. 371 |
Introduction and Aim of Research | p. 371 |
Research Approach | p. 372 |
Results | p. 376 |
Evaluation of the Results | p. 378 |
Conclusions About the Research Approach | p. 379 |
Continuation | p. 380 |
References | p. 380 |
Reflections from the DRM Perspective | p. 380 |
References | p. 383 |
Index | p. 393 |
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