Energy Science Principles, Technologies, and Impacts

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Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2007-03-03
Publisher(s): Oxford University Press
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Summary

Do renewable energy sources really provide a realistic alternative to fossil fuels? How does wind power compare to nuclear power, in terms of the energy it can generate? How do we get energy from the tides, and is it really a useful source of power? Energy Science: Principles, Technologies, and Impacts integrates the science behind the key energy sources that are at our disposal today with the socioeconomic issues surrounding their use to give a balanced, objective overview of the range of energy sources available to us today. Covering both traditional and renewable energy sources, the book encourages the reader to evaluate different energy sources on the basis of sound quantitative understanding. It also explores the fundamental processes of energy generation, storage, and transmission, building a complete picture of energy supply and use--from wind turbines, nuclear reactors, and hydroelectric dams--to our homes. Different energy sources have different social and economic impacts; the book uses examples and case studies throughout to help the reader critically assess the information to hand surrreach a well-rounded, informed view of the relative merits and drawbacks of the utilization of various energy sources. Problems with current and future energy use and supply extend globally; Energy Science: Principles, Technologies, and Impacts introduces the potential solutions that science can offer, within a framework that encourages the critical assessment of the pros and cons of each. Online resource centre: The Online Resource Centre features: For lecturers: Figures from the book available to download, to facilitate lecture preparation Solutions to end of chapter questions For students: Library of web links, giving students quick access to an extensive range of additional resources Hyperlinks to primary literature articles cited in the text, to encourage students to explore topics in more detail

Author Biography

Nick Jelley is a Professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Oxford, and Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, UK.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement of sourcesp. xiv
Introductionp. 1
A brief history of energy technologyp. 1
Global energy trendsp. 8
Global warming and the greenhouse effectp. 10
Units and dimensional analysisp. 13
Summaryp. 15
Further Readingp. 15
Web Linksp. 15
Exercisesp. 16
Thermal energyp. 18
Heat and temperaturep. 18
Heat transferp. 19
First law of thermodynamics and the efficiency of a thermal power plantp. 24
Closed cycle for a steam power plantp. 24
Useful thermodynamic quantitiesp. 27
Thermal properties of water and steamp. 29
Disadvantages of a Carnot cycle for a steam power plantp. 32
Rankine cycle for steam power plantsp. 33
Gas turbines and the Brayton (or Joule) cyclep. 36
Combined cycle gas turbinep. 38
Fossil fuels and combustionp. 39
Fluidized bedsp. 41
Carbon sequestrationp. 41
Geothermal energyp. 42
Summaryp. 47
Further Readingp. 49
Web Linksp. 49
List of Main Symbolsp. 49
Exercisesp. 50
Essential fluid mechanics for energy conversionp. 53
Basic physical properties of fluidsp. 53
Streamlines and stream-tubesp. 54
Mass continuityp. 54
Energy conservation in an ideal fluid: Bernoulli's equationp. 55
Dynamics of a viscous fluidp. 58
Lift and circulationp. 62
Euler's turbine equationp. 65
Summaryp. 66
Further Readingp. 67
List of Main Symbolsp. 68
Exercisesp. 68
Hydropower, tidal power, and wave powerp. 70
Hydropowerp. 71
Power output from a damp. 72
Measurement of volume flow rate using a weirp. 73
Water turbinesp. 74
Impact, economics, and prospects of hydropowerp. 79
Tidesp. 80
Tidal powerp. 84
Power from a tidal barragep. 84
Tidal resonancep. 85
Kinetic energy of tidal currentsp. 86
Ecological and environmental impact of tidal barragesp. 87
Economics and prospects for tidal powerp. 87
Wave energyp. 88
Wave power devicesp. 90
Environmental impact, economics, and prospects of wave powerp. 95
Summaryp. 95
Further Readingp. 96
Web Linksp. 97
List of Main Symbolsp. 97
Exercisesp. 97
Wind powerp. 99
Source of wind energyp. 99
Global wind patternsp. 100
Modern wind turbinesp. 103
Kinetic energy of windp. 104
Principles of a horizontal-axis wind turbinep. 105
Wind turbine blade designp. 107
Dependence of the power coefficient C[subscript p] on the tip-speed ratio [lambda]p. 111
Design of a modern horizontal-axis wind turbinep. 114
Turbine control and operationp. 117
Wind characteristicsp. 118
Power output of a wind turbinep. 121
Wind farmsp. 122
Environmental impact and public acceptancep. 122
Economics of wind powerp. 125
Outlookp. 126
Conclusionp. 129
Summaryp. 129
Further Readingp. 130
Web Linksp. 130
List of Main Symbolsp. 130
Exercisesp. 130
Solar energyp. 134
The solar spectrump. 135
Semiconductorsp. 136
p-n junctionp. 138
Solar photocellsp. 141
Efficiency of solar cellsp. 143
Commercial solar cellsp. 148
Developing technologiesp. 155
Solar panelsp. 160
Economics of photovoltaics (PV)p. 161
Environmental impact of photovoltaicsp. 163
Outlook for photovoltaicsp. 164
Solar thermal power plantsp. 164
Summaryp. 170
Further Readingp. 171
Web Linksp. 171
List of Main Symbolsp. 171
Exercisesp. 172
Biomassp. 175
Photosynthesis and crop yieldsp. 175
Biomass potential and usep. 179
Biomass energy productionp. 180
Environmental impact of biomassp. 194
Economics and potential of biomassp. 195
Outlookp. 197
Summaryp. 197
Further Readingp. 198
Web Linksp. 198
List of Main Symbolsp. 198
Exercisesp. 198
Energy from fissionp. 200
Binding energy and stability of nucleip. 201
Fissionp. 205
Thermal reactorsp. 212
Thermal reactor designsp. 219
Fast reactorsp. 228
Present-day nuclear reactorsp. 230
Safety of nuclear powerp. 233
Economics of nuclear powerp. 234
Environmental impact of nuclear powerp. 235
Public opinion on nuclear powerp. 236
Outlook for nuclear powerp. 237
Summaryp. 239
Further Readingp. 240
Web Linksp. 240
List of Main Symbolsp. 240
Exercisesp. 240
Energy from fusionp. 244
Magnetic confinementp. 245
D-T fusion reactorp. 246
Performance of tokamaksp. 251
Plasmasp. 251
Charged particle motion in E and B fieldsp. 253
Tokamaksp. 257
Plasma confinementp. 258
Divertor tokamaksp. 264
Outlook for controlled fusionp. 266
Summaryp. 271
Further Readingp. 272
Web Linksp. 272
List of Main Symbolsp. 272
Exercisesp. 272
Generation and transmission of electricity, energy storage, and fuel cellsp. 274
Generation of electricityp. 274
High voltage power transmissionp. 278
Transformersp. 280
High voltage direct current transmissionp. 281
Electricity gridsp. 282
Energy storagep. 282
Pumped storagep. 283
Compressed air energy storagep. 284
Flywheelsp. 285
Superconducting magnetic energy storagep. 286
Batteriesp. 286
Fuel cellsp. 287
Storage and production of hydrogenp. 288
Outlook for fuel cellsp. 292
Summaryp. 292
Web Linksp. 293
List of Main Symbolsp. 293
Exercisesp. 294
Energy and societyp. 295
Environmental impact of energy productionp. 295
Economics of energy productionp. 299
Cost-benefit analysis and risk assessmentp. 304
Designing safe systemsp. 306
Carbon abatement policiesp. 308
Stabilization wedges for limiting CO[subscript 2] emissionsp. 309
Conclusionsp. 312
Summaryp. 313
Further Readingp. 313
Web Linksp. 314
Exercisesp. 314
Numerical answers to exercisesp. 316
Indexp. 319
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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