PREFACE |
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PART I TOOLS OF THE TRADE |
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CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY |
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I. Why Study Environmental Law? |
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II. A Short History of Environmental Protection in America |
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CHAPTER 2 PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY |
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I. Basic Themes of Environmental Law |
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A. Scientific Uncertainty |
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2. The Tragedy of the Commons |
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3. Collective Action and Free Riders |
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E. Sustainable Development |
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II. Three Analytical Frameworks |
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B. Utilitarianism and Cost—Benefit Analysis |
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CHAPTER 3 THE PRACTICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION |
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A. The Regulatory Toolkit |
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1. Prescriptive Regulation |
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B. Putting the Toolkit to Work |
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C. Instrument Design Issues |
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D. Where to Go from Here? |
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II. The Administration of Environmental Protection |
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A. Basics of Administrative Law |
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III. Constitutional Issues in Environmental Policy |
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B. Legislative Delegation |
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IV. How Citizen Groups Shape Environmental Law |
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A. Lobbying for Legislative and Administrative Action |
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PART II POLLUTION LAW |
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A. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) |
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1. State Implementation Plans (SIPs) |
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B. New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and Grandfathered Sources |
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C. Mobile Sources and Technology-Forcing |
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E. Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) |
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A. The Science of Ozone Depletion |
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B. International Controls |
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A. The Science of Climate Change |
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B. Impacts of Climate Change |
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D. Climate Change Policies — No Regrets, Trading, Joint Implementation, and the CDM |
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F. The Future of the Climate Regime |
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CHAPTER 5 WATER POLLUTION |
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I. An Overview of Water Pollution |
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II. A Brief History of Water Quality Regulation |
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A. Regulation of Point Sources |
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2. Publicly Owned Treatment Works |
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3. Industrial Point Sources |
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4. Existing Point Sources |
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6. Industry-by-Industry Determination |
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8. Criticism of the Technological Approach |
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B. The Non-Regulation of Nonpoint Sources |
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C. Escaping Regulation as a Point Source of Pollutants |
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1. What Is a Point Source? |
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2. When Does a Point Source "Add" "Pollutants"? |
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D. Water Quality Standards |
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E. Always Cleaner, Never Dirtier |
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F. Interstate Water Pollution |
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CHAPTER 6 REGULATING TOXIC SUBSTANCES |
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I. The Difficulties of Regulating Toxic Substances |
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A. Is "Tolerable Risk" an Oxymoron? |
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B. The Problem of Uncertainty |
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1. A Paucity of Information |
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2. The Difficulty of Determining Cancer Risks |
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3. Regulating Under Uncertainty |
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II. Major Regulatory Options |
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A. Pure Health-Based Statutes |
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1. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act |
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2. Toxic Substances Control Act |
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3. "Paralysis by Analysis" |
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D. Informational Approaches |
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1. The Toxic Release Inventory |
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2. California's Proposition 65 |
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CHAPTER 7 WASTE MANAGEMENT |
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I. The Resource Conservation Recovery Act |
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1. Solid Waste and Strategic Behavior |
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2. Solid Hazardous Waste and Closing Loopholes |
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1. Generators, Transporters and TSDs |
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2. The Land Ban and Regulatory Hammers |
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D. The Challenge of Pollution Prevention |
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II. The Dormant Commerce Clause and Waste Disposal |
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III. The Basel Convention |
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IV. The Comprehensive Emergency Response, Compensation and Liability Act |
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1. Listing and Prioritization of Sites |
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B. Compensation for Response Actions |
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1. Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs) |
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1. Acts of God, War, or a Third Party |
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PART III TRADE |
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CHAPTER 8 TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT |
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A. Like Products and PPMs |
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B. Multilateral Environmental Agreements |
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III. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
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A. Environmental Provisions |
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B. Environmental Side Agreement |
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IV. The Trade in Chemicals |
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PART IV NATURAL RESOURCES |
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CHAPTER 9 WETLANDS, ENDANGERED SPECIES, & THE PUBLIC TRUST |
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I. The Nation's Diminishing Resources |
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II. The Public Trust Doctrine |
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A. Rivers & Harbors Act of 1899 |
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B. Section 404 of the Clean Water Act |
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1. What Are "Navigable Waters"? |
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2. What is a "Discharge" of Material? |
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4. The Permitting Process |
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7. Constitutional Takings Challenges |
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IV. The Endangered Species Act |
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B. Limits on Federal Agency Actions |
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1. The Prohibition on "Takings" |
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2. Incidental Take Permits |
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3. Administrative Reform Efforts |
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4. Criticisms of Section 9 |
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5. Constitutional Takings Challenges to Section 9 |
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D. Recovery Plans & Other Provisions |
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CHAPTER 10 ENERGY & WATER |
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I. The Tragedy of the Commons |
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PART V ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS |
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CHAPTER 11 THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT |
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II. When Must An Agency Prepare An EIS? |
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B. Significantly Affecting the Human Environment |
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TABLE OF CASES |
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INDEX |
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