| Foreword |
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ix | |
| Preface |
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xi | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
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Introduction: The Essentials of Environmental Physics |
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1 | (10) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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Transport of Matter, Energy and Momentum |
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5 | (1) |
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The Social and Political Context |
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6 | (5) |
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9 | (2) |
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Basic Environmental Spectroscopy |
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11 | (18) |
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Introduction to the Solar Spectrum |
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11 | (5) |
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13 | (1) |
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The Emission Spectrum of the Sun |
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14 | (2) |
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Interaction of Light with Matter |
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16 | (5) |
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The Transition Electric Dipole Moment |
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16 | (2) |
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The Einstein Coefficients |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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Biomolecules, Ozone and UV Light |
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21 | (8) |
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The Spectroscopy of Biomolecules |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (34) |
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The Energy Balance: A Zero-Dimensional Greenhouse Model |
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29 | (10) |
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Elements of Weather and Climate |
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39 | (11) |
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Climate Variations and Modelling |
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50 | (13) |
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Two Simple Examples of Chaos |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (130) |
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63 | (12) |
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Energy from (mainly) Fossil Fuels |
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75 | (37) |
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75 | (4) |
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Conversion of Heat into Work and Vice Versa; Available Work |
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79 | (2) |
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Efficiency of a `Real' Heat Engine |
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81 | (5) |
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Loss of Exergy in Combustion |
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86 | (1) |
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Heat Engines: Conversion of Heat into Work |
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87 | (4) |
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Internal Combustion Engines: Conversion of Chemical Energy into Work |
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91 | (3) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
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Energy Storage and Energy Transport |
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97 | (6) |
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103 | (3) |
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Energy Savings by Co-generation |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (1) |
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The Price of Energy Conversion |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (32) |
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Solar Heat and Solar Electricity |
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115 | (13) |
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128 | (4) |
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132 | (6) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (5) |
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Hydropower and Fuel Cells |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (46) |
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Power from Nuclear Fission |
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148 | (12) |
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160 | (5) |
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165 | (4) |
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Electromagnetic Radiation and Health |
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169 | (7) |
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Managing the Fuel Cycle; Waste |
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176 | (8) |
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184 | (5) |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (90) |
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194 | (11) |
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197 | (8) |
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205 | (10) |
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215 | (18) |
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The Equations of Fluid Dynamics |
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233 | (9) |
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242 | (10) |
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250 | (2) |
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Gaussian Plumes in the Air |
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252 | (9) |
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Turbulent Jets and Plumes |
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261 | (9) |
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270 | (13) |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (46) |
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283 | (15) |
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Human Perceptions and Noise Criteria |
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298 | (10) |
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Reducing the Transmission of Sound |
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308 | (11) |
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319 | (10) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
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Spectra and Examples of Environmental Spectroscopy |
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329 | (70) |
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329 | (8) |
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Population of Energy Levels and Intensity |
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332 | (1) |
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The Transition Dipole Moment: Selection Rules |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (3) |
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337 | (2) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (10) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (4) |
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Electronic Transitions in Molecules |
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344 | (5) |
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349 | (3) |
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349 | (2) |
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Resonance Raman Scattering |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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Spectroscopy of the Inner Electrons of Atoms and Molecules |
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352 | (6) |
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X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS and XPS) |
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357 | (1) |
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Examples of Environmental Analysis |
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358 | (41) |
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Monitoring Pollution of the Upper Atmosphere with Satellites |
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358 | (4) |
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Lidar: A Technique to Measure the Location of Atmospheric Pollution |
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362 | (5) |
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Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone |
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367 | (2) |
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Aerosol Concentrations in the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland |
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369 | (1) |
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Energy-Selective Spectroscopy of Molecules |
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370 | (19) |
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Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) |
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389 | (6) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (3) |
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399 | (30) |
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400 | (6) |
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Limits on Cheap Resources |
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406 | (7) |
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Saving Energy Resources and Nature |
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413 | (6) |
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419 | (10) |
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Self-Organized Criticality |
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422 | (3) |
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425 | (1) |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (2) |
| Appendix A Gauss, Delta and Error Functions |
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429 | (2) |
| Appendix B Some Vector Differentiations |
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431 | (2) |
| Appendix C Physical and Numerical Constants |
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433 | (2) |
| Index |
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435 | |