Environmental Physics, 2nd Edition

by ;
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2000-05-01
Publisher(s): WILEY
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Summary

Environmental Physics provides a comprehensive introduction to this increasingly important area of applied physics. Covering both atmospheric and soil physics, the reader is introduced to the physics that is needed to understand, analyse and prevent environmental problems. Whilst the rigor and methodology has been maintained in the Second Edition there has been a greater integration of physics with the natural environment throughout the text. More student exercises have been added to each chapter and more information has been provided to help the reader solve them. Some of the more challenging mathematics has been removed, and greater emphasis has been placed on the interpretation of spectra. FEATURES Carefully structured, topics are gradually introduced within each chapter, each of which conclude with student exercises and references. Thoroughly updated throughout, with more modern examples and applications, and less abstract mathematicsMore student exercises along with increased help for solving them. Greater emphasis on the interpretation of spectra. CONTENTS: Introduction: The Essentials of Environmental Physics; Elementary Spectroscopy; The Global Climate; Energy for Human Use; Transport of Pollutants; Noise; Environmental Spectroscopy: Some Examples; The Context of Society; Gauss, Delta and Error Functions; Vector Differentiations; Physical and Numerical Constants.

Table of Contents

Foreword ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction: The Essentials of Environmental Physics
1(10)
The Economic System
1(2)
Living in the Greenhouse
3(2)
Enjoying the Sun
5(1)
Transport of Matter, Energy and Momentum
5(1)
The Social and Political Context
6(5)
References
9(2)
Basic Environmental Spectroscopy
11(18)
Introduction to the Solar Spectrum
11(5)
Black Body Radiation
13(1)
The Emission Spectrum of the Sun
14(2)
Interaction of Light with Matter
16(5)
The Transition Electric Dipole Moment
16(2)
The Einstein Coefficients
18(1)
Lambert-Beer's Law
19(2)
Biomolecules, Ozone and UV Light
21(8)
The Spectroscopy of Biomolecules
22(1)
Solar UV and Life
23(1)
The Ozone Filter
24(3)
Exercises
27(1)
References
28(1)
The Global Climate
29(34)
The Energy Balance: A Zero-Dimensional Greenhouse Model
29(10)
Elements of Weather and Climate
39(11)
Climate Variations and Modelling
50(13)
Two Simple Examples of Chaos
57(3)
Exercises
60(2)
References
62(1)
Energy for Human Use
63(130)
Heat Transfer
63(12)
Energy from (mainly) Fossil Fuels
75(37)
Thermodynamic Variables
75(4)
Conversion of Heat into Work and Vice Versa; Available Work
79(2)
Efficiency of a `Real' Heat Engine
81(5)
Loss of Exergy in Combustion
86(1)
Heat Engines: Conversion of Heat into Work
87(4)
Internal Combustion Engines: Conversion of Chemical Energy into Work
91(3)
Heat Pipes
94(1)
Electricity
94(3)
Energy Storage and Energy Transport
97(6)
Reducing Pollution
103(3)
Energy Savings by Co-generation
106(2)
Refrigeration
108(3)
Transportation
111(1)
The Price of Energy Conversion
112(3)
Renewable Energy Sources
115(32)
Solar Heat and Solar Electricity
115(13)
The Gratzel Cell
128(4)
Wind Energy
132(6)
Waves
138(2)
Bioenergy
140(5)
Hydropower and Fuel Cells
145(2)
Nuclear Energy
147(46)
Power from Nuclear Fission
148(12)
Power by Nuclear Fusion
160(5)
Radiation and Safety
165(4)
Electromagnetic Radiation and Health
169(7)
Managing the Fuel Cycle; Waste
176(8)
Exercises
184(5)
References
189(4)
Transport of Pollutants
193(90)
Diffusion
194(11)
Conservation of Mass
197(8)
Flow in Rivers
205(10)
Ground Water Flow
215(18)
The Equations of Fluid Dynamics
233(9)
Turbulence
242(10)
Turbulent Diffusion
250(2)
Gaussian Plumes in the Air
252(9)
Turbulent Jets and Plumes
261(9)
Particle Physics
270(13)
Exercises
277(3)
References
280(3)
Noise
283(46)
Basic Acoustics
283(15)
Human Perceptions and Noise Criteria
298(10)
Reducing the Transmission of Sound
308(11)
Active Control of Sound
319(10)
Exercises
326(1)
References
327(2)
Spectra and Examples of Environmental Spectroscopy
329(70)
Overview of Spectroscopy
329(8)
Population of Energy Levels and Intensity
332(1)
The Transition Dipole Moment: Selection Rules
333(1)
Line Widths
334(3)
Atomic Spectra
337(2)
One-Electron Atoms
337(1)
Many-Electron Atoms
337(2)
Molecular Spectra
339(10)
Rotational Transitions
339(1)
Vibrational Transitions
340(4)
Electronic Transitions in Molecules
344(5)
Scattering
349(3)
Raman Scattering
349(2)
Resonance Raman Scattering
351(1)
Rayleigh Scattering
352(1)
Mie Scattering
352(1)
Spectroscopy of the Inner Electrons of Atoms and Molecules
352(6)
X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy
353(2)
X-Ray Absorption Spectra
355(1)
The Auger Effect
356(1)
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS and XPS)
357(1)
Examples of Environmental Analysis
358(41)
Monitoring Pollution of the Upper Atmosphere with Satellites
358(4)
Lidar: A Technique to Measure the Location of Atmospheric Pollution
362(5)
Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone
367(2)
Aerosol Concentrations in the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland
369(1)
Energy-Selective Spectroscopy of Molecules
370(19)
Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE)
389(6)
Exercises
395(1)
References
396(3)
The Context of Society
399(30)
Risk Estimation
400(6)
Limits on Cheap Resources
406(7)
Saving Energy Resources and Nature
413(6)
Reviewing Our Thinking
419(10)
Self-Organized Criticality
422(3)
Exercises
425(1)
Essay Questions
425(2)
References
427(2)
Appendix A Gauss, Delta and Error Functions 429(2)
Appendix B Some Vector Differentiations 431(2)
Appendix C Physical and Numerical Constants 433(2)
Index 435

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