Enzyme Assays A Practical Approach

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Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2002-06-20
Publisher(s): Oxford University Press
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Summary

Enzyme assays are among the most frequently performed procedures in biochemistry and are routinely used to estimate the amount of enzyme present in a cell or tissue, to follow the purification of an enzyme, or to determine the kinetic parameters of a system. The range of techniques used to measure the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is limited only by the nature of the chemical change and the ingenuity of the investigator. This book describes the design and execution of enzyme assays, covering both general principles and specific chapters. Building upon the highly popular first edition, this book combines revised or rewritten chapters with entirely new contributions. Topics include include experimental protocols covering photometric, radiometric, HPLC, and electrochemical assays, along with methods for determining enzyme assays after gel electrophoresis. The theory underlying each method is outlined, together with a description of the instrumentation, sensitivity and sources of error. Also included are chapters on the principles of enzyme assay and kinetic studies; techniques for enzyme extraction; high- throughout screening; statistical analysis of enzyme kinetic data; and the determination of active site concentration. This second edition of Enzyme Assays will be valuable not only to biochemists, but to researchers in all areas of the life sciences.

Table of Contents

List of protocols
xiii
Abbreviations xvii
Principles of enzyme assay and kinetic studies
1(48)
Keith F. Tipton
Introduction
1(1)
Behaviour of assays
1(14)
Reaction progress curves
1(4)
Initial rate measurements
5(1)
Integrated rate equations
6(1)
Bursts and lags in progress curves
7(4)
Blank rates
11(4)
The effects of enzyme concentration
15(3)
Direct proportionality
15(2)
Upward curvature
17(1)
Downward curvature
18(1)
Expression of enzyme activity
18(2)
Units and specific activity
19(1)
The katal
19(1)
Stoichiometry
19(1)
Conditions for activity measurements
20(1)
The effects of substrate concentration
20(9)
The Michaelis-Menten relationship
20(1)
Failure to obey the Michaelis-Menten equation
21(8)
Experimental approaches
29(20)
Type of assay
29(9)
Choice of assay method
38(1)
The effects of pH
39(1)
Practical considerations
40(4)
Conclusions
44(1)
References
44(5)
Photometric assays
49(30)
Robert A. John
Introduction
49(1)
Absorption
49(21)
Terminology
49(1)
Absorbance
50(2)
Limitations and sources of error
52(3)
Absorbance range
55(1)
Measurement of low rates of absorbance change
55(1)
Use of absorbance coefficient
56(2)
Continuous assays
58(5)
Discontinuous assays
63(1)
Examples of enzymes assayed by absorbance change
64(6)
Turbidimetry
70(1)
Fluorescence
71(8)
The fluorescence spectrometer
72(1)
Quantitation of fluorescence
72(1)
Causes of non-linearity - the inner filter effect
73(1)
Examples of fluorimetric enzyme assays
73(4)
References
77(2)
Radiometric assays
79(24)
Kelvin T. Hughes
Introduction
79(1)
Techniques
80(18)
Ion-exchange methods
80(1)
Precipitation of macromolecules
81(1)
Solvent extraction methods
81(1)
Paper and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) methods
81(1)
Electrophoretic methods
81(1)
Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA)
82(16)
Experimental design
98(1)
Microplate technology
99(1)
Measurement of radioactivity
100(1)
Automation of assays
100(3)
Acknowledgements
100(1)
References
100(3)
High performance liquid chromatographic assays
103(38)
Shabih E. H. Syed
Introduction
103(1)
Theory of HPLC
103(3)
Introduction
103(1)
Chromatographic parameters
104(2)
Retention mechanism
106(11)
Characteristics of silica
106(1)
Polymeric packings
107(1)
Reverse phase chromatography
108(3)
Influence of composition of mobile phase
111(1)
Effect of pH and salts
112(1)
Influence of temperature
112(1)
Ion-pair chromatography
113(1)
Ion-exchange resins
114(2)
Size-exclusion chromatography
116(1)
Instrumentation
117(2)
Essential components of an HPLC system
117(1)
Pumps
117(1)
Biocompatibility
118(1)
Sample injection
118(1)
Detectors
119(4)
UV/visible detectors
119(1)
Fluorescent detectors
120(1)
Refractive-index (RI) detectors
121(1)
Electrochemical detectors
122(1)
Radioactivity monitors
122(1)
Practical considerations
123(2)
Selection of a chromatographic mode
123(1)
Solvent selection
123(1)
De-gassing and filtration of solvents
124(1)
Sample preparation
124(1)
Column packing
124(1)
Column protection
125(1)
Tubing
125(1)
Application of HPLC to enzymatic analysis
125(16)
Hydrolases
125(2)
Isomerases
127(3)
Lyases
130(3)
Ligases
133(3)
Oxidoreductases
136(1)
Transferases
136(1)
References
137(4)
Electrochemical assays: the oxygen electrode
141(8)
J. B. Clark
Introduction
141(1)
Theory and principles
141(1)
Current/voltage relationships
142(1)
Sensitivity
142(1)
Calibration
142(2)
Electrode systems
144(1)
Polarographic assays
145(4)
Tissue/organelle respiration studies
145(1)
Specific enzyme studies
146(2)
References
148(1)
Electrochemical assays: the nitric oxide electrode
149(8)
R. D. Hurst
J. B. Clark
Introduction
149(1)
Principles of detection
149(1)
Principles of selectivity and sensitivity
149(1)
Environmental influences
150(1)
Temperature
150(1)
Electrical interference
150(1)
Membrane integrity and maintenance
151(1)
Calibration
151(2)
Calibration for liquid measurements
151(2)
Calibration for gas-phase measurements
153(1)
NO and cellular respiration studies
153(4)
References
155(2)
Electrochemical assays: the pH-stat
157(14)
Keith Brocklehurst
Introduction
157(1)
The basis of pH-stat methodology
157(2)
Principle and general approach
157(1)
pH-stat components and their functions
158(1)
Some limitations and sources of error
159(1)
Commercial and custom-made pH-stat assemblies
159(3)
The range of equipment
159(1)
Some pH-stat systems described in the literature
159(3)
General pH-stat procedure and specific protocols for some individual enzymes
162(6)
Procedures
162(6)
A systematic error in pH-stat assays of enzymes in haemolysates
168(1)
Concluding comment
168(3)
References
168(3)
Enzyme assays after gel electrophoresis
171(38)
Gunter M. Rothe
Introduction
171(1)
Preparation of enzyme extracts
171(4)
Extraction of microorganisms
171(1)
Animal soft tissues
172(1)
Mammalian blood
173(1)
Insects
173(1)
Plant tissues
173(2)
Principles of enzyme visualization
175(5)
Methods to visualize oxidative enzymes
175(2)
Methods to visualize transferases
177(1)
Methods to visualize hydrolases
178(2)
Methods to visualize lyases, isomerases and ligases
180(1)
A compilation of protocols to visualize enzymes following electrophoretic separation
180(29)
Staining protocols
184(17)
Buffer systems for electrophoresis
201(5)
References
206(3)
Techniques for enzyme extraction
209(16)
Nicholas C. Price
Lewis Stevens
Introduction: scope of the chapter
209(1)
Disruption of tissues and cells
210(5)
Choice of tissue
210(1)
Disruption of tissue and separation of cells
211(1)
Disruption of cells
212(3)
Protection of enzyme activity
215(4)
Control of pH
215(1)
Control of temperature
215(1)
Control of proteolysis
216(1)
Protection of thiol groups
217(1)
Protection against heavy metals
217(1)
Control of mechanical stress
218(1)
Effects of dilution
218(1)
Assays of enzymes in unfractionated cell-extracts
219(1)
The presence of endogenous inhibitors
219(1)
Interference from other reactions
219(1)
Removal of substrate
219(1)
Turbidity of extract
220(1)
Concluding remarks
220(5)
References
220(1)
Buffers, and control of pH
221(2)
The determination of protein
223(1)
References for Appendices
224(1)
Determination of active site concentration
225(10)
Mark T. Martin
Introduction
225(1)
Areas of application
225(1)
Categories of titration methods
226(9)
Activity bursts
226(2)
Inhibitor titration
228(2)
Special techniques
230(3)
References
233(2)
High throughput screening - considerations for enzyme assays
235(14)
David Hayes
Geoff Mellor
Introduction
235(1)
The drug discovery process
235(2)
A historical perspective
235(1)
A model of drug discovery
236(1)
High through put screening
237(8)
Compounds for screening
239(1)
Considerations for high throughput assays
240(5)
Enzymatic considerations
245(1)
Assay formats for enzymatic HTS
246(1)
Automation
246(1)
Developments
247(2)
Higher density plates
247(1)
References
247(2)
Statistical analysis of enzyme kinetic data
249(20)
Athel Cornish-Bowden
Introduction
249(1)
Derivation of relationships
250(1)
Defining objectives
250(1)
Basic assumptions of least squares
251(1)
Fitting the Michaelis-Menten equation
252(6)
Equations with more than two parameters
258(1)
Detecting lack of fit
258(2)
Estimating pure error
260(2)
Distribution free methods
262(2)
Residual plots
264(3)
A note about rounding
267(2)
References
268(1)
List of suppliers 269(4)
Enzyme index 273(4)
General index 277

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