Essentials Of Argument,9780131777514

Essentials Of Argument

by
Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9780131777514
ISBN10: 0131777513
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2006-01-01
Publisher(s): Prentice Hall
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Summary

This efficient and easily-readable book presents thinking and writing about argumentative issues in a clear format, enabling them to participate productively in all forms of argument, including those they encounter in school, at home, and on the job. Readers learn to identify personal and social topics, to form opinions about these topics, to analyze their potential audience, and to give successful written, visual, or oral reports.Topics include understanding argument, conducting research, argument theory (claims and proofs) and writing and presenting arguments.An excellent reference for anyone needing to communicate more effectively, whether at home or on the job.

Table of Contents

Preface xv
Part One UNDERSTANDING ARGUMENT AND CONDUCTING RESEARCH 1(92)
Chapter 1 Recognizing Argument and Finding Issues
3(22)
A Definition of Argument
4(1)
Why Study Argument
5(1)
Recognizing Argument
6(2)
Evaluating Traditional and Consensual Argument
8(1)
What Is Your Personal Argument Style?
9(2)
Under What Conditions Does Argument Work Best?
11(3)
Under What Conditions Does Argument Fail?
14(1)
Engaging with Issues
15(5)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
20(1)
CLASS ACTIVITIES AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
20(3)
ESSAY FOR ANALYSIS
23(2)
CHRIS PIPER
'A' Is for Absent
23(1)
A student argues against attendance policies in college that penalize students by lowering their grades for excessive absences.
Chapter 2 The Rhetorical Situation: Understanding Audience and Context
25(17)
Analyze the Rhetorical Situation When You Read an Argument
25(4)
Example of an Analysis of a Rhetorical Situation
28(1)
Use the Rhetorical Situation When You Write an Argument
29(3)
What Is the Exigence?
30(1)
Who Is the Reader or Audience?
30(1)
What Are Some of the Constraints?
30(1)
Who Is the Author?
31(1)
What Should the Text Look Like?
32(1)
Conducting an Audience Analysis
32(3)
Determine the Audience's Initial Position and Consider How It Might Change
32(1)
Analyze the Audience's Discourse Community
33(1)
Analyze and Adapt to a Familiar Audience
34(1)
Construct an Unfamiliar Audience
34(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
35(1)
CLASS ACTIVITIES AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
35(1)
ESSAYS FOR ANALAYSIS
36(6)
BRENT STAPLES
Driving Down the Highway, Mourning the Death of American Radio
36(1)
The author complains about modern commercial radio stations and says he is switching to CDs.
PRISNA VIRASIN
The Barbie Controversy
41(1)
This student issue proposal examines the controversy associated with Barbie dolls.
Chapter 3 Learning More about Issues: Research, Reading, Thinking, Writing
42(28)
Why Integrate Reading, Thinking, and Writing?
43(1)
Strategies That Combine Reading, Thinking, and Writing
44(3)
Locating Sources for Research
47(4)
Learn to Use the Library's Online Catalog
47(1)
Learn to Find a Library Book
48(1)
Use Library Subscription Services to Find Articles
48(1)
Learn To Use Research Navigator"
49(1)
Learn To Find a Printed Journal or Magazine Article
49(1)
Learn To Find Newspaper Articles
49(1)
Learn To Find Reference Materials and Government Documents
50(1)
Make Appropriate Use of the World Wide Web
50(1)
Evaluate Both Print and Online Sources
51(3)
Analyze the Author's Purpose
52(1)
Analyze the Rhetorical Situation of Your Sources
53(1)
Evaluate the Credibility of Your Sources
53(1)
Create a Bibliography
54(2)
Survey, Read, and Add Annotations to Your Bibliography
56(4)
Survey and Skim
56(2)
Read to Understand the Author
58(1)
Read Creatively to Get Ideas and Form Your Responses
58(1)
Add Annotations to Your Bibliography
58(2)
Develop a System for Taking and Organizing Your Notes
60(3)
Avoid Plagiarism
63(2)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
65(1)
CLASS ACTIVITIES AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
65(1)
ESSAY FOR ANALYSIS
66(4)
ANGELA A. BOATWRIGHT
Human Cloning: An Annotated Bibliography
This is a student-written annotated bibliography about human cloning.
Chapter 4 Writing the Exploratory Paper
70(23)
How Do You Write Now?
70(1)
Prewriting Strategies
71(4)
Writing the First Draft
75(1)
Special Strategies to Use If You Get Stuck
76(1)
Revision Strategies
76(5)
Organizing a Process for Reading and Writing Argument
81(1)
The Exploratory Paper
81(1)
How to Write an Exploratory Paper
82(3)
Submitting Your Paper for Peer Review
85(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
85(1)
CLASS ACTIVITIES AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
86(1)
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
86(8)
JEFF D. OPDYKE
Kids and Chores: All Work and No Pay?
86(1)
This author considers different perspectives on how to pay children for doing the chores.
PRISNA VIRASIN
The Controversy behind Barbie
89(1)
This student-written exploratory paper explains different perspectives on the Barbie doll controversy.
Part Two USING ARGUMENT THEORY FOR READING AND WRITING 93(68)
Chapter 5 The Toulmin Model of Argument: Understanding the Parts
94(26)
The Parts of an Argument According to the Toulmin Model
94(12)
Claim
97(2)
Support
99(2)
Warrants
101(3)
Backing
104(1)
Rebuttal
104(1)
Qualifiers
105(1)
Value of the Toulmin Model for Reading and Writing Argument
106(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
106(1)
CLASS ACTIVITIES AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
107(1)
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
108(12)
Military Advertisement
108(1)
Practice finding the claim, support, and warrants in an advertisement for joining the military.
Cartoon: Well Done Son
109(1)
Use the Toulmin model to analyze a cartoon.
Editorial: Losing Our Technical Dominance
109(2)
Use the Toulmin model to analyze an editorial.
MOHAMED T. DIABY, JR.
Toulmin Analysis of Weight Cartoon
111(1)
This represents a student example of a Toulmin analysis of a cartoon.
RICHARD D. RIEKE AND MALCOLM O. SILLARS
American Value Systems
113(1)
The authors argue that individuals have value systems that can be categorized and characterized and, thus, help with an understanding of value warrants.
Chapter 6 The Types of Claims: Establishing Purpose and Organization
120(18)
Five Types of Claims
120(8)
Fact Claims
121(1)
Definition Claims
122(2)
Cause Claims
124(1)
Value Claims
125(2)
Policy Claims
127(1)
Mixed Claims
128(1)
Claims and Argument in Real Life
129(1)
Value of the Claims and the Claim Questions for Reading and Writing Argument
130(1)
Some Other Preliminary Questions to Help You Develop Your Claim
131(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
132(1)
CLASS ACTIVITIES AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
133(1)
ESSAY FOR ANALYSIS
133(5)
PEG TYRE
Bringing Up Adultolescents
133(1)
This author asks, When should adult children start paying their own way?
Chapter 7 The Types of Proof: Supporting the Claim
138(23)
The Traditional Categories of Proof
138(2)
Types of Logical Proof: Logos
140(4)
A Mnemonic Device
140(1)
Argument from Sign
141(1)
Argument from Induction
141(1)
Argument from Cause
142(1)
Argument from Deduction
142(1)
Argument from Historical, Literal, or Figurative Analogy
143(1)
Argument from Definition
144(1)
Argument from Statistics
144(1)
Proof That Builds Credibility: Ethos
144(1)
Argument from Authority
145(1)
Types of Emotional Proof: Pathos
145(1)
Motivational Proofs
146(1)
Value Proofs
146(1)
A Mnemonic Device
146(1)
How to Recognize Fallacies
146(4)
Fallacies in Logic
147(2)
Fallacies That Affect Character or Ethos
149(1)
Emotional Fallacies
149(1)
Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Communicated through Language and Style
150(4)
Language That Appeals to Logic
151(1)
Language That Develops Ethos
151(1)
Language That Appeals to Emotion
152(2)
Ethics and Morality in Argument
154(1)
Value of the Proofs for Reading and Writing Argument
155(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
155(1)
CLASS ACTIVITIES AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
156(1)
ESSAY FOR ANALYSIS
156(5)
KATIE ROIPHE
Campus Climate Control
156(1)
This essay addresses the issue of adult supervision of college students.
Part Three WRITING AND PRESENTING ARGUMENTS 161(64)
Chapter 8 Writing the Researched Position Paper
161(19)
Classical Organization of Arguments
162(2)
Classical and Modern Organization
164(1)
Use Organizational Patterns to Help You Think and Organize
164(3)
Claim with Reasons (or Reasons Followed by Claim)
165(1)
Cause and Effect (or Effect and Cause)
165(1)
Applied Criteria
165(1)
Problem-Solution
166(1)
Chronology or Narrative
166(1)
Deduction
166(1)
Induction
166(1)
Comparison and Contrast
167(1)
Incorporate Ideas from Your Exploratory Paper
167(1)
How to Match Patterns and Support to Claims
167(2)
Outline Your Paper and Cross-Reference Your Notes
169(2)
Incorporating Research into Your First Draft
171(4)
Clearly Identify Words and Ideas from Outside Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
173(1)
Document Your Sources
174(1)
Make Revisions and Prepare the Final Copy
175(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
176(1)
CLASS ACTIVITIES AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
177(3)
Chapter 9 Writing the Rogerian Argument Paper
180(18)
Achieving Common Ground in Rogerian Argument
182(1)
Rogerian Argument as Strategy
183(1)
Writing Rogerian Argument
183(2)
Variations of Rogerian Argument
185(2)
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Rogerian Argument
187(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
188(1)
CLASS ACTIVITIES AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
189(1)
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
189(9)
MARYKATE MORSE
We Won't Let This War Pull Us Apart
189(1)
The author describes her family that includes conscientious objectors and members of the Air Force.
ERIC HARTMAN
Let Those Who Ride Decide!
193(1)
This student Rogerian argument explains the tensions between those who advocate wearing motorcycle helmets and those who resist such a ruling.
ELIZABETH NABHAN
Dear Boss
196(1)
A student Rogerian argument written in letter form to her boss to try to improve her job-related duties and responsibilities.
Chapter 10 Creating Visual and Oral Arguments
198(27)
Recognizing Visual and Oral Argument
199(1)
Why Is Visual Argument Convincing?
199(7)
Why Is Oral Argument Convincing?
206(2)
Using Argument Theory to Critique Visual and Oral Argument
208(1)
Sample Analysis of a Visual Argument
209(2)
Add Visual Argument to Support Written and Oral Argument
211(4)
Create Visual Arguments That Stand Alone
215(2)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
217(1)
CLASS ACTIVITIES AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
217(1)
VISUAL AND ORAL ARGUMENTS FOR ANALYSIS
218(23)
EduGene Cloning Kit
218(3)
A stand-alone visual argument that invites various interpretations.
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.
I Have a Dream
221(1)
This classic speech was given in Washington, D.C. during the civil rights movement.
Color Portfolio of Visual Arguments and Questions for Discussion and Writing
Plate 1: We Never Met a Mom Who Wasn't Working
Plate 2: Buzz Aldrin on the Moon
Plate 3: Bringing Up Adultolescents
Plant 4: The Creation of Adam
Plate 5: Play Ball
Plate 6: Robot with Grappler Holding a Wounded Palestinian Plate 7: Hands
Plate 8: Tree Near El Paso, Texas
Plate 9: Boy Swims in Heavily Polluted Lake
Plate 10: Art (student example of visual argument)
Appendix 1: How to Document Sources Using MLA and APA Styles 225(52)
MLA: How to Cite Sources in the Body of the Text
226(5)
MLA: How to Cite Sources in the "Works Cited" Page
231(10)
MLA: Student Paper in MLA Style
241(11)
Prisna Virasin
The Big Barbie Controversy
A researched position paper in MLA style that claims Barbie is neither good nor bad, only a scapegoat.
Questions on the Researched Position Paper, MLA Style
252(1)
APA: How to Cite Sources in the Body of the Text
253(4)
APA: How to Cite Sources in the "References" Page
257(9)
APA: Student Paper in APA Style
266(10)
DARRELL D. GREER
Alaskan Wolf Management
A researched position paper in APA style that argues in favor of exterminating wolves to preserve the caribou and moose herds.
Questions on the Researched Position Paper, APA Style
276(1)
Appendix 2: Summary Charts 277(10)
The Rhetorical Situation
278(1)
The Toulmin Model
279(1)
Types of Claims
280(2)
Types of Proof and Tests of Validity
282(5)
Appendix 3: One Hundred Topics That Generate Issues 287(3)
Credits 290(1)
Index 291

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