Ethics in Criminal Justice : In Search of the Truth,9781583605561

Ethics in Criminal Justice : In Search of the Truth

by
Edition: 3rd
ISBN13: 9781583605561
ISBN10: 1583605568
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2003-06-01
Publisher(s): Taylor & Francis
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Table of Contents

Foreword v
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Chapter 1 Acquainting Yourself with Ethics
A Tour of the Ethics Hall of Fame
1(44)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
2(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
2(1)
Overview
3(1)
Exhibit 1-Knowledge and Reasoning
3(6)
A Life Unexamined Is Not Worth Living
4(1)
Exploring Virtue
5(1)
Knowledge and Virtue
6(1)
The Reasoning Process
7(1)
Socratic Reasoning
8(1)
The Death of Socrates
8(1)
Exhibit 2-Intellect and Truth
9(5)
Sources of Intellect
10(1)
Nature of the Truth
10(1)
Plato's Divided Line
11(2)
Plato's Dual Truths: Physical and Metaphysical
13(1)
Exhibit 3-The Nature of Reality
14(3)
Discovering Reality
15(1)
Aristotle's Ethical Realism
15(2)
Exhibit 4-The Nature of Morality
17(6)
Morality and Ethics
18(1)
Morality Defined
18(1)
Moral Principles
19(1)
Relativist Views of Morality
19(2)
Situational Morality
21(1)
The Jimmy Carter Story
22(1)
Exhibit 5-Nature of Goodness
23(8)
The Good Life
23(1)
The Grammar of Goodness
24(3)
The Principle of Summum Bonum
27(1)
A Guiding Formula for Moral Judgment
28(2)
E=PJ²
28(2)
Summary
30(1)
Exhibit 6-Actions and Consequences
31(4)
Bad Actions/Good Consequences
32(1)
Good Actions/Bad Consequences
33(1)
The Utilitarian Measure
33(1)
Pioneers of Utilitarianism
34(1)
Exhibit 7-Determinism and Intentionalism
35(4)
Determinism
36(1)
Scientific Determinism
37(1)
Intentionalism
38(1)
Exhibit 8-The Ethical Person
39(6)
Profile of the Ethical Person
40(1)
Review Questions
41(1)
References
42(3)
Chapter 2 Familiarizing Yourself with Ethics
Nature, Definitions, and Categories
45(37)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
46(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
46(1)
Overview
47(6)
Captain Balian's Story
47(1)
Was the Captain Right?
48(1)
Lieutenant Lotem's Story
49(1)
Was the Lieutenant Right?
50(1)
Moral Judgment in Criminal Justice
51(2)
Warning: The Deception of Occupational Subculture
53(1)
Occupational Subculture
53(1)
The Philosophy of Wisdom
54(5)
Wisdom and Knowledge
56(1)
Fallacious Reasoning
57(2)
The Nature of Ethics
59(1)
Ethics Defined
59(1)
A Definitional Caveat
59(1)
The Scope of Ethics
60(1)
Ethical Theory
61(1)
Credibility of Ethics
62(2)
The Rule of Reasonableness
63(1)
Categories of Ethical Theory: Normative and Metaethics
64(4)
Normative Ethics
65(1)
Metaethics
66(2)
Normative Ethics: Deontological and Teleological
68(2)
Deontological Theory
68(1)
Teleological Theory
69(1)
Historical Origins of Ethics
70(9)
Metaphysical/Eternal Law View
71(2)
Religious View
73(1)
Social and Legalistic Views
74(1)
The Medieval View
75(1)
The Social Contract View
76(3)
Review Questions
79(1)
References
80(2)
Chapter 3 Understanding Criminal Justice Ethics
Sources and Sanctions
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
82(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
82(1)
Overview
82(1)
Ethics of Natural Law
83(6)
Natural Law Defined
84(1)
Natural Law as the Law of Humanity
85(1)
Relevance of Natural Law
86(1)
The Hierarchical Order of Virtues
87(1)
Moral Implications
88(1)
Ethics of Religious Testaments
89(7)
The Role of Religion in Society
89(1)
Radical Views of Religion
90(1)
Dysfunctions of Religion
91(1)
Religion and Ethics
92(1)
Ethics in Christianity
93(1)
Moral Implications
94(2)
Ethics of Constitutional Provisions
96(3)
Ethics of the U.S. Constitution
96(3)
Ethics of Law
99(6)
The Idea of Legitimacy
99(1)
Ethics of Positive Law
100(1)
The Edwin Meese Syndrome
101(1)
The Imperative of Ethical Discretion
102(1)
Ethical Discretion
102(2)
Incorruptibility
104(1)
Conclusions
105(1)
Professional Codes of Ethics
105(9)
The Function of Codes
109(1)
Ethics of Public Service
110(2)
Ethics of Professionalism
112(2)
Moral Implications
114(1)
Philosophical Theories of Ethics
114(1)
Review Questions
115(1)
References
116(3)
Chapter 4 Meeting the Masters
Ethical Theories, Concepts, and Issues
119(80)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
120(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
120(1)
Overview
121(1)
The Stoicism School: Ethics of Freedom from Passion, Moral Fortitude, and Tranquility (Epictetus)
122(7)
Introduction
122(3)
Epictetus: Inner Peace and Contentment through Self-Discipline
125(1)
Epictetus's Ethical Theory
126(1)
Major Issues in Epictetus's Ethical Philosophy
127(2)
The Hedonistic School: Ethics of the Pursuit of Pleasure (Aristippus and Epicurus)
129(6)
Introduction
129(1)
Aristippus: The Cyrenaic (Egotistic) School of Hedonism
130(1)
Aristippus's Philosophical Theory
131(1)
Epicurus: The Epicurean School of Prudence, Tranquility, and Intellectual Hedonism
132(1)
Epicurus's Ethical Theory
132(1)
Major Issues in Epicurus's Ethical Philosophy
133(2)
The Virtue School: Ethics of Knowledge and Moral Character (Plato and Aristotle)
135(12)
Introduction
135(1)
Plato: The Virtues of Perfection through Knowledge and Justice
136(1)
Plato's Philosophical Theory
137(1)
Major Issues in Plato's Ethical Philosophy
138(3)
Aristotle: The Virtues of Moral Character and Self-Realization
141(1)
Aristotle's Philosophical Theory
142(1)
Major Issues in Aristotle's Ethical Philosophy
143(4)
The Religious (Scholastic) School: Ethics of the Love of God (Augustine and Aquinas)
147(11)
Introduction
147(2)
Saint Augustine: Spiritual Safety and the Happiness of Salvation
149(1)
Saint Augustine's Ethical Theory
149(2)
Major Issues in Saint Augustine's Ethical Philosophy
151(3)
Saint Thomas Aquinas: Morality as the Vision of God
154(1)
Aquinas's Ethical Theory
154(2)
Major Issues in Aquinas's Ethical Philosophy
156(2)
The Naturalistic School: Ethics of Egoism and Power (Hobbes and Nietzsche)
158(11)
Introduction
158(2)
Thomas Hobbes: Ethics of "Might Makes Right"
160(1)
Hobbes's Ethical Theory
161(1)
Major Issues in Hobbes's Ethical Philosophy
162(2)
Friedrich Nietzsche: Ethics of the Superman
164(1)
Nietzsche's Ethical Theory
165(2)
Major Issues in Nietzsche's Ethical Philosophy
167(2)
Ethics of Utilitarianism (Bentham)
169(6)
Introduction
169(2)
Jeremy Bentham: Ethical Hedonism and Social Happiness
171(1)
Bentham's Ethical Theory
172(1)
Major Issues in Bentham's Ethical Philosophy
173(2)
Ethics of Duty and Reason (Kant)
175(6)
Introduction
175(1)
Kant's Ethical Theory
176(1)
Major Issues in Kant's Ethical Philosophy
177(4)
The Existential School: Ethics of Moral Individualism and Freedom of Choice (Sartre and de Beauvoir)
181(7)
Introduction
181(2)
Sartre and de Beauvoir
183(1)
Major Issues in Existential Theory
184(4)
Ethics of Social Justice (Rawls)
188(7)
Introduction
188(1)
John Rawls: Ethics of Social Justice
189(1)
Rawls's Ethical Theory
189(2)
Major Issues in Rawls's Ethical Philosophy
191(4)
Review Questions
195(1)
References
196(3)
Chapter 5 The Ambivalent Reality
Major Unethical Themes in Criminal Justice Management
199(26)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
200(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
200(1)
Overview
200(2)
The Imperative of Ethics in Criminal Justice
202(2)
A House on the Sand: The Spoils of Management
204(2)
The Cunning of Unethical Management
206(1)
The Harvest of Shame
206(1)
Principle-Based Management
207(8)
The Challenge of Principle-Based Management
208(2)
Rethinking Professionalism
210(1)
The Truth of Professionalism: Looking Good versus Being Good
211(2)
The Lungs of Professionalism: Integrated Thinking and Moral Agility
213(1)
Institutional Integrity
214(1)
Rushmorean Criminal Justice Agencies
215(2)
A Profile of Rushmorean Courage
217(3)
The Extent of Corruption in Criminal Justice Agencies
220(2)
The Root Sins in Criminal Justice Management
221(1)
References
222(3)
Chapter 6 Lying and Deception in Criminal Justice 225(18)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
226(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
226(1)
Introduction and Confession
226(1)
General Theory of Lying
227(1)
The Origins of Lying
228(2)
The Doctrine of Veracity
230(1)
Can Lying Be Morally Justifiable?
231(1)
Basic Rules on Lying
232(1)
The Extent of Lying
233(2)
Institutional Lying in Criminal Justice
235(6)
Lying in Policing
237(1)
Lying in Probation
238(1)
Lying in Parole
239(1)
Lying in Corrections
240(1)
Conclusions
241(1)
Review Questions
241(1)
References
242(1)
Chapter 7 Racial Prejudice and Racial Discrimination 243(36)
What You Will Learn From This Chapter
244(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
244(1)
Overview
245(1)
Glimpses of Racism in Criminal Justice
246(1)
Nature of Racial Injustice
247(2)
The Wilberforce Story
248(1)
The Ethical View of Racial Injustice
249(1)
Basic Theory of Prejudice
250(1)
Prejudice and Knowledge
251(1)
Targets of Prejudice
252(1)
Types of Prejudice: Cultural and Psychological
253(1)
Basic Theory of Discrimination
254(2)
Roots of Racism
256(10)
The Mystical Conception of Racism
256(2)
The Biological Conception of Racism
258(4)
Social and Legal Conceptions of Racism
262(4)
The Social View
262(2)
The Legal View
264(2)
Institutional Racism
266(6)
Reverse Discrimination
267(2)
Is the Criminal Justice System Racist?
269(1)
The Debate
269(1)
Accusations against Police
270(1)
Accusations against the Correctional System
271(1)
Accusations against Parole
271(1)
The Wilbanks Rebuttal
271(1)
Exploratory Issues in Racism
272(2)
Moral Guidelines in Understanding Racism
274(1)
Conclusions
275(1)
Review Questions
276(1)
References
276(3)
Chapter 8 Egoism and the Abuse of Authority 279(34)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
280(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
280(1)
Overview
280(1)
Glimpses of Egoism in Criminal Justice
281(2)
Perceptions of Egoism in Criminal Justice
283(2)
The Blindness of Egoism
285(1)
Types of Egoism
286(1)
Egoism-The Natural View Theory
286(2)
Hobbes's Theory of Natural Egoism
287(1)
Egoism-The Altruistic View Theory
288(2)
Butler's Theory of Altruistic Egoism
289(1)
Official Responsibility: The Antidote for Natural Egoism
290(5)
Official Responsibility
291(1)
Authority Defined
292(1)
Power Defined
292(1)
Egoism as Deadly Force
293(2)
Capital Punishment as State Egoism
295(6)
The Abolitionist View
296(1)
The Retentionist View
297(1)
Comments and Questions to Ponder
298(3)
Egoism-Ethics of Means and Ends
301(5)
The Dirty Harry Scenario
303(1)
The D'Angelo versus Kirkham Scenario
303(1)
Discussion
304(2)
Ethical Guidelines
306(1)
Conclusions
307(1)
Review Questions
307(1)
References
308(5)
Chapter 9 Ethics of Criminal Justice Today
What Is Being Done and What Can Be Done?
313(12)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
314(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
314(1)
Overview
314(8)
The Dual Essence of Criminal Justice: The Social Order and the Moral Order
315(2)
The Dual Practice of Criminal Justice: The Ideal Model and the Serviceable Model
317(2)
The Serviceable Model: Moral Double Bookkeeping
319(1)
Physiology of the Serviceable Model
320(1)
Critique of the Serviceable Model
321(1)
Where Do We Go from Here?
322(1)
References
322(3)
Chapter 10 Ethics and Police 325(32)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
326(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
326(1)
Overview
326(1)
The Problematic Nature of Policing
327(2)
The Peculiar Environment of the Police
329(1)
The Semiprofessional Professionals
330(2)
The Police Prerogative to Abuse Power
332(2)
Concerns Pertinent to the Nature of Police Power
332(1)
Concerns Pertinent to Lack of Trust
333(1)
The Police in Search of a Soul
334(1)
The Intellectual Virtue: Ethics of Democracy
335(8)
Why Not Democracy?
336(1)
Democratic Ethics
337(1)
Basic Democratic Principles
338(2)
The Rodney King Case
340(1)
Haven't We Learned Anything Yet?
341(1)
The Farther Reaches of Democratic Ethics
342(1)
The Moral Virtue: Ethics of Shunning Corruption
343(3)
Corruption Defined
344(1)
Scope of Police Corruption
345(1)
The Dust and Ashes of Corruption
346(1)
Hedonistic and Obligatory Corruption
346(5)
Gratuities, Bribes, and Payoffs
347(1)
Theft and Burglary
347(1)
Sexual Misconduct
348(1)
When Police Are Out of Control
348(2)
Obligatory Corruption
350(1)
The Obligatory Ethic Not to Deceive
351(2)
Can Corruption Be Administratively Stopped?
353(1)
Review Questions
354(1)
References
355(2)
Chapter 11 Ethics and Corrections (Prisons) 357(48)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
358(1)
Key Terms and Definitions 358
Overview
358(2)
The Corrections Debate
360(1)
Ethics of Life for Life: The Influence of Beccaria
361(2)
Ethics of Life for Life: The Morality of Punishment
363(2)
Ethics of Life for Life: The Moral Justifications for Prisons
365(2)
Retribution
365(1)
Prevention/Incapacitation
366(1)
Deterrence
366(1)
Rehabilitation
367(1)
Ethics of Life for Life: A Society That Loves Walls
367(2)
Ethics of Life for Life: Putting Pain Back into Prisons
369(2)
From the Ethics of Life for Life to the Ethics of Man and Corrections: Changing Attitudes about Prisons
371(2)
Ethics of Contemporary Corrections
373(7)
Ethics of Retribution
373(1)
Lex Talionis
373(1)
Punishment Works
374(2)
Ethics of Treatment
376(1)
Does Rehabilitation Work?
377(1)
Methods of Rehabilitation
378(1)
The State of Rehabilitation Today
379(1)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: What Good is Brutality?
380(3)
The Brutality Issue
381(2)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: The Scapegoating Theory
383(2)
The Influence of Foucault
383(2)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: The Holier-than-Thou Syndrome
385(2)
Crime As Virus
385(2)
A Camp of Outcasts
387(1)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: We're All Doing Time
387(2)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: Postcards from Prison
389(2)
Ethics of Man and Corrections: Rehabilitation through Inner Corrections
391(2)
Inner Corrections
391(1)
The Future of Inner Corrections
392(1)
Corruption of Prison Personnel
393(6)
Patterns of Prison Corruption
394(3)
Assessment of Prison Corruption
397(2)
Review Questions
399(1)
References
400(5)
Chapter 12 Ethics of Probation and Parole 405(28)
What You Will Learn from This Chapter
406(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
406(1)
Overview
406(1)
The Professional Orientation of Probation and Parole
407(3)
The Probation Mystique
409(1)
The Borderless Community
410(2)
The Yellow Wind
412(1)
Romancing the Stone or Stoning the Romance: Ethics of Community-Based Corrections
413(1)
The Case for Community-Based Corrections
414(2)
The Case against Community-Based Corrections
416(8)
The Leniency View of Morris and Tonry
417(1)
Intensive Probation
418(2)
Electronic Monitoring
420(2)
The Severity View of von Hirsh
422(1)
Proportionality and Desert
422(1)
Restrictions against Humiliation and Degradation
423(1)
Implications Concerning the Privacy of Third Parties
423(1)
Work Strategies of Probation and Parole Practitioners
424(1)
Common Unethical Practices in Probation/Parole
425(2)
Ethical Choices in Probation/Parole
427(2)
The Punitive/Law Enforcement Practitioner
427(1)
The Welfare/Therapeutic Practitioner
428(1)
The Passive/Time Server Practitioner
428(1)
The Combined Model Practitioner
428(1)
Review Questions
429(1)
References
430(3)
Chapter 13 What Can Be Done to Restore Ethics? 433(4)
Reflections and Ethical Lessons to Teach
434(1)
An Ethical Lesson to Teach Criminal Justice Practitioners
435(2)
Name Index 437(6)
Subject Index 443

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