| Preface |
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v | |
| Acknowledgements |
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ix | |
| Brief Contents |
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xi | |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (6) |
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Evolution yields striking insights |
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7 | (5) |
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Ideas about evolution have a history |
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12 | (5) |
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Creationists object to evolution for several reasons |
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17 | (5) |
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Ignoring the reality of evolution would be dangerous |
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22 | (3) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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PART 1 Microevolutionary concepts |
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25 | (150) |
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27 | (27) |
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When is evolution adaptive, and when is it neutral? |
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27 | (4) |
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The ordinary causes of selection have extraordinary adaptive consequences |
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31 | (1) |
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Natural selection can rapidly produce improbable states |
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32 | (1) |
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Adaptations increase reproductive success |
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33 | (2) |
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Selection has been demonstrated in natural populations |
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35 | (6) |
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When selection is strong evolution can be fast |
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41 | (1) |
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The context of selection depends on the thing selected |
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41 | (2) |
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Selection to benefit groups at the expense of individuals is unlikely but not impossible |
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43 | (1) |
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Four factors can limit adaptation |
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44 | (7) |
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51 | (3) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (16) |
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How do gene frequencies change when there is no selection? |
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54 | (3) |
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Why variation in genes may not produce variation in fitness |
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57 | (2) |
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Neutral genetic variation experiences random processes |
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59 | (3) |
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Genetic drift: the gene-pool model |
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62 | (3) |
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Genetic drift is significant in molecular evolution |
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65 | (2) |
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Species dynamics resemble genetic dynamics |
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67 | (3) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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The genetic impact of selection on populations |
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70 | (29) |
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Genetic change is a key to understanding evolution |
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70 | (1) |
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Genetic systems are sexual or asexual, haploid or diploid |
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71 | (4) |
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A brief comment on the role of models in science |
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75 | (1) |
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Genetic change in populations under selection |
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76 | (4) |
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What population genetics implies for evolutionary biology |
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80 | (5) |
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The fitness concept in population genetics |
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85 | (1) |
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Quantitative genetic change under selection |
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86 | (6) |
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Evolutionary implications of quantitative genetics |
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92 | (2) |
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Population and quantitative genetics are being integrated |
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94 | (5) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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The origin and maintenance of genetic variation |
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99 | (25) |
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Without genetic variation, there can be no evolution |
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99 | (1) |
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Mutations are the origin of genetic variation |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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How random are mutations? |
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102 | (2) |
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The effect of recombination on genetic variability |
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104 | (1) |
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The amount of genetic variation in natural populations |
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105 | (3) |
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Evidence of natural selection from DNA sequence evolution |
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108 | (1) |
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Genetic variation is maintained by a balance of forces |
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109 | (10) |
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Genetic diversity of complex quantitative traits |
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119 | (5) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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The importance of development in evolution |
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124 | (28) |
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The study of development answers important evolutionary questions |
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125 | (3) |
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What happens during development from egg to adult? |
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128 | (5) |
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Developmental patterns are associated with phylogeny |
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133 | (4) |
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Developmental control genes are lineage-specific toolkits for constructing organisms |
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137 | (11) |
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All evolutionary change involves changes in development |
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148 | (4) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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The expression of variation |
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152 | (23) |
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The environmentally induced responses of one genotype produce several phenotypes |
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157 | (1) |
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Reaction norms help us to analyze patterns of gene expression |
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158 | (5) |
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The genotype-phenotype map has some important general features |
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163 | (2) |
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Macro- and microevolution meet in the butterfly wing |
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165 | (5) |
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Adaptive plasticity in leaf development is mediated by phytochromes |
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170 | (5) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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PART 2 Design by selection for reproductive success |
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175 | (100) |
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177 | (20) |
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To be sexual or asexual---that is the question |
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177 | (3) |
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Variation in sexual life cycles |
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180 | (3) |
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Distribution patterns of sexual reproduction |
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183 | (1) |
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Sex has important consequences |
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184 | (2) |
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The evolutionary maintenance of sex is a puzzle |
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186 | (5) |
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Evidence on the function of sex is scarce but increasing |
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191 | (3) |
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A pluralistic explanation of sex may be correct |
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194 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (17) |
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Multilevel selection occurs in a nested hierarchy of replicators |
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197 | (3) |
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Genomic conflict may have been a driving force in many evolutionary transitions |
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200 | (3) |
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Genomic conflict in sexual and asexual systems |
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203 | (3) |
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The cytoplasm is a battleground for genomic conflicts |
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206 | (4) |
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Genetic imprinting in mammals---a conflict over reproductive investment? |
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210 | (4) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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Life histories and sex allocation |
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214 | (31) |
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Natural selection is made possible by variation in life-history traits |
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214 | (2) |
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To explain life-history evolution, we combine insights from five sources |
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216 | (5) |
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The evolution of age and size at maturation |
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221 | (3) |
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The evolution of clutch size and reproductive investment |
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224 | (6) |
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Lifespans evolve, and so does aging |
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230 | (6) |
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How should parents invest in male and female offspring or function? |
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236 | (9) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (30) |
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Key questions about sexual selection |
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246 | (1) |
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Sexual selection explains the existence of costly mating traits |
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246 | (5) |
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How did sexual selection originate? |
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251 | (2) |
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Organisms compete for mates in contests, scrambles, and endurance rivalries |
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253 | (3) |
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Choosing mates can increase fitness, but choice has costs |
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256 | (7) |
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There is a great deal of evidence for sexual selection |
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263 | (2) |
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What determines the strength of sexual selection? |
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265 | (6) |
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Sexual selection in plants involves pollen and pollination |
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271 | (1) |
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Sexual selection also occurs in gametes |
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271 | (4) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (2) |
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PART 3 Principles of macroevolution |
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275 | (78) |
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277 | (26) |
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Speciation connects micro- to macroevolution |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (8) |
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Species concepts can be reconciled with species criteria |
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286 | (2) |
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Species originate as byproducts of intra-specific evolution |
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288 | (7) |
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Reproduction isolation is a criterion of speciation |
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295 | (4) |
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Experiments on speciation yield two important results |
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299 | (1) |
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Speciation is the birth, extinction the death of a lineage |
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300 | (3) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Phylogeny and systematics |
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303 | (28) |
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Molecular systematics has yielded surprising insights |
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307 | (4) |
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How phylogenetic concepts are defined |
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311 | (6) |
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How to build a phylogenetic tree |
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317 | (6) |
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The names of groups should reflect relationships |
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323 | (1) |
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Important issues in molecular systematics |
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324 | (3) |
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The genealogy of genes can differ from the phylogeny of species |
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327 | (4) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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Comparative methods: trees, maps, and traits |
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331 | (22) |
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Putting trees on to maps reveals history |
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331 | (11) |
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Plotting traits on to phylogenetic trees reveals their history |
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342 | (1) |
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Anole lizards repeatedly evolved similar ecomorphs on different islands |
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343 | (2) |
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Species are not independent samples |
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345 | (4) |
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General comments on comparative methods |
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349 | (4) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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PART 3 The history of life |
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353 | (88) |
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355 | (20) |
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356 | (2) |
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The origin of the genetic code |
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358 | (4) |
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The evolution of chromosomes |
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362 | (1) |
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Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes in key organizational features |
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363 | (5) |
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The origin of multicellularity |
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368 | (1) |
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The evolution of germ line and soma |
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369 | (2) |
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Principles involved in key evolutionary events |
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371 | (2) |
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The evolution of cooperation |
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373 | (2) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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Major events in the geological theater |
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375 | (28) |
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Organisms and landscapes are historical mosaics |
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375 | (6) |
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How has the planet shaped life? |
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381 | (9) |
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Mass extinctions repeatedly changed the course of evolution |
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390 | (4) |
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Other catastrophes have had dramatic local effects |
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394 | (2) |
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How has life shaped the planet? |
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396 | (5) |
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401 | (2) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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The fossil record and life's history |
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403 | (38) |
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403 | (12) |
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415 | (15) |
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Groups expanding, vanishing, or gone |
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430 | (1) |
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Vanished communities and extraordinary extinct creatures |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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Punctuational change is real but not universal |
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433 | (1) |
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Cope's Law---things get bigger---can be explained by either drift or selection |
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434 | (1) |
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Evolution does not make progress; it simply continues to operate |
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435 | (6) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (3) |
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PART 4 Integrating micro- and macroevolution |
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441 | (66) |
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443 | (37) |
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445 | (2) |
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447 | (10) |
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Principles of coevolution |
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457 | (6) |
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Striking outcomes of coevolution---and its absence |
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463 | (12) |
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475 | (5) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (1) |
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478 | (2) |
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Human evolution and evolutionary medicine |
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480 | (16) |
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480 | (2) |
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How our history has affected health and disease |
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482 | (6) |
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How selection shapes virulence and atresia |
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488 | (8) |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (1) |
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494 | (2) |
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496 | (11) |
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Key conclusions about evolution |
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496 | (1) |
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Applying evolution to humans remains controversial |
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496 | (2) |
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Evolutionary biology focused on genetics and will focus on development |
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498 | (1) |
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How are traits fixed? How do constraints evolve? |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (1) |
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What are the limits to evolutionary prediction? |
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501 | (2) |
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It is taking a long time to assimilate Darwin's insights |
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503 | (4) |
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504 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (2) |
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507 | (12) |
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The blueprint of an organism is encoded in DNA molecules |
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507 | (3) |
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Transmission of genetic material during cell division |
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510 | (5) |
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DNA has a tendency to change by mutation |
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515 | (1) |
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The genetic composition of a population |
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516 | (3) |
| Glossary |
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519 | (11) |
| Answers to questions |
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530 | (12) |
| Literature cited |
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542 | (17) |
| Index |
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559 | |
Other versions by this Author
