Food Contaminants and Residue Analysis

by
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2008-09-10
Publisher(s): Elsevier Science
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Summary

Food Contaminants and Residue Analysis treats different aspects of the analysis of contaminants and residues in food, and highlights some current concerns facing this field. The content is initiated by an overview on food safety, the objectives and importance of determining contaminants and residues in food, and the problems and challenges associated to these analyses. This is followed by full details of relevant EU and USA regulations. Topics, such as conventional chromatographic methods, accommodating clean up, and preparing substances for further instrumental analysis, are encompassed with new analytical techniques that have been developed, significantly, over the last few years, like solid phase microextraction, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, immunoassays, and biosensors. A wide range of toxic contaminants and residues, from pesticides to mycotoxins or dioxins are examined, including also polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines, acrylamide, semicarbazide, phtalates and food packing migrating substances. This book can be a practical resource that offers ideas on how to choose the most effective techniques for determining these compounds as well as on how to solve problems or to provide relevant information. Logically structured and with numerous examples Food Contaminants and Residue Analysis will be valuable as reference and training guide for post-graduate students, as well as a practical tool for a wide range of experts: biologists, biochemists, microbiologists, food chemists, toxicologists, chemists, agronomists, hygienist, and everybody who need to use the analytical techniques for evaluating food safety.

Table of Contents

Contributors to Volume 51p. xiii
Volumes in the Seriesp. xix
Prefacep. xxiii
Series Editor's Prefacep. xxv
Challenges in Chemical Food Contaminants and Residue Analysisp. 1
Introductionp. 2
Emerging Contaminantsp. 7
Masked Contaminantsp. 14
Unknown Bioactive Contaminantsp. 15
Emerging Technologiesp. 18
Validation and QA/QC Challengesp. 22
Conclusions and Future Trendsp. 24
Acknowledgementsp. 25
Referencesp. 25
International Regulations on Food Contaminants and Residuesp. 29
Introduction to EU and USA Legislationp. 29
Topics/Categories Covered under EU Legislationp. 31
Topics/Categories Covered under USA Legislationp. 63
Referencesp. 73
Guidelines on Quality Implementation for Analytical Methodsp. 77
Introductionp. 77
The Role of Qualityp. 78
Conclusionsp. 86
Referencesp. 87
Immunochemical and Receptor Technologies: The Role of Immunoassay, Immunoaffinity Chromatography, Immunosensors and Molecularly Imprinted Polymeric Sensorsp. 91
Introductionp. 92
Definitions and Conceptsp. 93
Immunoassay Formatsp. 95
Immunoassay Developmentp. 96
Immunochemical Technologiesp. 101
Biomimics: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)p. 113
Commercial Instrumentation and Future Perspectivesp. 122
Referencesp. 125
Advanced Sample Preparation Techniques for the Analysis of Food Contaminants and Residuesp. 131
Introductionp. 131
Sample Preparation Methods for VOCsp. 133
Sample Preparation Methods for SVOCs and NVOCsp. 138
Fractionation and Clean-Upp. 162
Evaporationp. 170
Derivatizationp. 170
Conclusionp. 171
Referencesp. 172
Recent Developments in Chromatographic Techniquesp. 175
Introductionp. 175
Fast Chromatographic Separationp. 176
Two-Dimensional Chromatographic Separationp. 188
Overcoming Adverse Matrix Effectsp. 191
Future Trendsp. 196
Referencesp. 197
New Approaches in Mass Spectrometryp. 201
Introductionp. 201
High Resolution and Accurate Mass Analysersp. 204
Tandem Mass Spectrometryp. 211
High Resolution Mass Spectrometers in Tandemp. 219
Conclusions and Future Trendsp. 227
Referencesp. 228
Capillary-Based Separation Techniquesp. 231
Introductionp. 231
Miniaturization and the Capillary Formatp. 232
Capillary Liquid Chromatographyp. 233
Capillary Electroseparationsp. 235
Detection Techniques in Capillary-Based Separationsp. 250
Automation and On-Line/In-Capillary Coupled Solid-Phase Extraction in Capillary Electrophoresisp. 251
Applications in Determination of Food Contaminants Using Capillary Electrophoresisp. 252
Referencesp. 253
Pesticide Residuesp. 257
Introductionp. 257
Physical and Chemical Propertiesp. 258
Health Effectsp. 259
Analytical Methodsp. 272
Instrumental Determinationp. 278
LC-MS-MS Applicationsp. 295
Conclusions and Future Trendsp. 301
Referencesp. 302
Veterinary Drug Residuesp. 307
Introductionp. 307
Physical and Chemical Properties Affecting Analytical Methodologyp. 313
Human Health Effects from Veterinary Drug Residuesp. 315
Analytical Methodsp. 317
Occurrence in Foodp. 328
Future Trendsp. 329
Referencesp. 332
Analytical Strategies to Control the Illegal Use of Banned Growth Promoters in Meat Producing Animalsp. 339
Introductionp. 339
Chemical Properties, Health effectsp. 340
Analytical Methodsp. 342
Occurrence in Foodsp. 357
Future Trendsp. 358
Referencesp. 358
Mycotoxinsp. 363
Introductionp. 364
Classes of Mycotoxinsp. 366
Health Effectsp. 376
Samplingp. 383
Analytical Methodsp. 385
Occurrence in Food and Feedp. 402
Decontamination Proceduresp. 416
Future Needsp. 418
Acknowledgementp. 419
Referencesp. 419
Phycotoxinsp. 429
Introductionp. 429
Seafood-Poisoning Toxinsp. 430
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) Toxinsp. 430
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) Toxinsp. 432
Azaspiracid Poisoning (AZP) Toxinsp. 439
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) Toxinsp. 442
Yessotoxins (YTXs)p. 445
Neurotoxin Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) Toxinsp. 448
Referencesp. 452
Persistent Organochlorine Pollutants, Dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenylsp. 457
Introductionp. 457
Physical and Chemical Properties and Use of POPsp. 460
Health Effectsp. 462
Analytical Methodsp. 467
Occurrence in Foodp. 495
Future Trendsp. 496
Referencesp. 498
Brominated Flame Retardants as Food Contaminantsp. 507
Introductionp. 507
Analytical Methodsp. 512
Occurrence in Foodp. 542
Regulatory/Safety Aspects and On-Going Monitoring Programmesp. 560
Future Trends in the BFR Research in Foodp. 562
Acknowledgementp. 563
Referencesp. 563
Metalsp. 571
Introductionp. 571
Analytical Procedure for Metal Determinationp. 573
Metals of Interestp. 585
Directive for Trace Metals in Foodp. 589
Conclusions and Future Trendsp. 589
Referencesp. 590
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbonsp. 599
Introductionp. 599
Physical and Chemical Propertiesp. 601
Health Effectsp. 602
Analytical Methodsp. 611
Occurrences of PAHs in Foodp. 632
Future Trendp. 642
Acknowledgementsp. 644
Referencesp. 644
Methods for the Determination of N-Nitroso Compounds in Food and Biological Fluidsp. 653
Introductionp. 654
Physical and Chemical Properties of NOCp. 656
Health Effectsp. 657
Analytical Methodsp. 659
Occurrence of NOC in Foodsp. 676
Conclusions and Future Trendsp. 679
Acknowledgementsp. 680
Referencesp. 680
Heterocyclic Aminesp. 685
Introductionp. 685
Physical and Chemical Propertiesp. 686
Health Effectsp. 687
Formation of Heterocyclic Aminesp. 688
Food Sample Analysisp. 689
Occurrence in Foodp. 697
Exposure Assessmentp. 700
Regulations and Future Trendsp. 701
Acknowledgementsp. 701
Referencesp. 701
Acrylamide, Chloropropanols and Chloropropanol Esters, Furanp. 705
Acrylamidep. 705
Chloropropanols and Chloroestersp. 714
Furanp. 722
Conclusion and Future Trendsp. 728
Referencesp. 728
Food Contact Materialsp. 733
Introductionp. 733
Physical and Chemical Propertiesp. 736
Analytical Methodsp. 741
Health Effectsp. 765
Occurrence in Foodsp. 768
Future Trendsp. 768
Referencesp. 771
Non-Target Multi-Component Analytical Surveillance of Food Contact Materialsp. 775
Introductionp. 776
Legislation on Food Contact Materialsp. 776
Non-Target Analysisp. 778
Examples of Non-Target Analysis from the Recent Literaturep. 782
Safety Assessment of Migrants from FCMp. 785
Conclusions and Future Trendsp. 791
Referencesp. 792
List of Abbreviationsp. 795
Subject Indexp. 807
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