About the Authors
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Renewable Energy
1-1 Why Renewable Energy?
Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion
Renewable Energy Sources
1-2 Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Electricity
References
Problems
Chapter 2 A Review of Thermal Sciences
2-1 Thermal Sciences
2-2 Thermodynamics
Heat and Other Forms of Energy
Specific Heats of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
Energy Transfer
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy Balance for Closed Systems
Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure
2-3 Heat Transfer
Conduction Heat Transfer
Thermal Conductivity
Convection Heat Transfer
Radiation Heat Transfer
2-4 Fluid Mechanics
Viscosity
Pressure Drop in Fluid Flow in Pipes
2-5 Thermochemistry
Fuels and Combustion
Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes
Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Combustion
First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems
2-6 Heat Engines and Power Plants
Thermal Efficiency
Overall Plant Efficiency
2-7 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
References
Problems
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Solar Energy
3-1 Introduction
3-2 Radiation Fundamentals
Blackbody Radiation
3-3 Radiative Properties
Emissivity
Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity
The Greenhouse Effect
3-4 Solar Radiation
3-5 Solar Data
References
Problems
Chapter 4 Solar Energy Applications
4-1 Introduction
4-2 Flat-Plate Solar Collector
4-3 Concentrating Solar Collector
4-4 Solar-Power-Tower Plant
4-5 Solar Pond
4-6 Photovoltaic Cell
4-7 Passive Solar Applications
Trombe Wall
Solar Heat Gain through Windows
References
Problems
Chapter 5 Wind Energy
5-1 Introduction
5-2 Wind Turbine Types and Power Performance Curve
5-3 Wind Power Potential
5-4 Wind Power Density
5-5 Wind Turbine Efficiency
Betz Limit for Wind Turbine Efficiency
5-6 Considerations in Wind Power Applications
References
Problems
Chapter 6 Hydropower
6-1 Introduction
6-2 Analysis of a Hydroelectric Power Plant
6-3 Impulse Turbines
6-4 Reaction Turbines
6-5 Turbine Specific Speed
6-6 Run-of-River Plants and Waterwheels
References
Problems
Chapter 7 Geothermal Energy
7-1 Introduction
7-2 Geothermal Applications
7-3 Geothermal Heating
Degree-Day Method for Annual Energy Consumption
7-4 Geothermal Cooling
Absorption Cooling System
7-5 Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
Heat Pump Systems
Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
7-6 Geothermal Power Production
7-7 Geothermal Cogeneration
References
Problems
Chapter 8 Biomass Energy
8-1 Introduction
8-2 Biomass Resources
8-3 Conversion of Biomass to Biofuel
8-4 Biomass Products
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Methanol
Pyrolysis Oil
Biogas
Producer Gas
Synthesis Gas
8-5 Electricity and Heat Production by Biomass
8-6 Solid Municipality Waste
References
Problems
Chapter 9 Ocean Energy
9-1 Introduction
9-2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
9-3 Wave Energy
Power Production from Waves
Wave Power Technologies
9-4 Tidal Energy
References
Problems
Chapter 10 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
10-1 Hydrogen: An Energy Carrier
10-2 Fuel Cells
Thermodynamic Analysis of Fuel Cells
References
Problems
Chapter 11 Economics of Renewable Energy
11-1 Engineering Economics
11-2 The Time Value of Money
Effect of Inflation and Taxation on Interest Rate
11-3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Unit Product Cost
Comparison of Projects Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis
11-4 Payback Period Analysis
References
Problems
Chapter 12 Energy and the Environment
12-1 Introduction
12-2 Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Ozone, Smog, and Acid Rain
12-3 Emissions from Automobiles
Catalytic Converters
12-4 The Greenhouse Effect
CO2 Production
12-5 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
12-6 Nuclear Waste
References
Problems
Appendix 1 Property Tables (SI Units)
Appendix 2 Property Tables (English Units)
Index