Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling,9780521548656

Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling

by
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780521548656
ISBN10: 0521548659
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-06-13
Publisher(s): Cambridge University Press
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Summary

This well-received and comprehensive textbook on atmospheric processes and numerical methods has been thoroughly revised and updated. This edition includes a wide range of new numerical techniques for solving problems in areas such as cloud microphysics, ocean-atmosphere exchange processes and atmospheric radiative properties. It also contains improved descriptions of atmospheric physics, dynamics, radiation, and aerosol and cloud processes. It is essential reading for researchers, scientists and advanced students to successfully study air pollution and meteorology.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xiv
1 Introduction
1(11)
1.1 Brief history of meteorological sciences
1(4)
1.2 Brief history of air-pollution science
5(1)
1.3 The merging of air-pollution and meteorological sciences
6(1)
1.4 Weather, climate, and air pollution
6(2)
1.5 Scales of motion
8(1)
1.6 Atmospheric processes
8(4)
2 Atmospheric structure, composition, and thermodynamics
12(49)
2.1 Pressure, density, and composition
12(6)
2.2 Temperature structure
18(10)
2.3 Equation of state
28(6)
2.4 Changes of pressure with altitude
34(3)
2.5 Water in the atmosphere
37(10)
2.6 First law of thermodynamics
47(10)
2.7 Summary
57(1)
2.8 Problems
58(2)
2.9 Computer programming practice
60(1)
3 The continuity and thermodynamic energy equations
61(21)
3.1 Definitions
61(4)
3.2 Continuity equations
65(3)
3.3 Expanded continuity equations
68(10)
3.4 Thermodynamic energy equation
78(2)
3.5 Summary
80(1)
3.6 Problems
80(1)
3.7 Computer programming practice
81(1)
4 The momentum equation in Cartesian and spherical coordinates
82(56)
4.1 Horizontal coordinate systems
82(5)
4.2 Newton's second law of motion
87(24)
4.3 Applications of the momentum equation
111(24)
4.4 Summary
135(1)
4.5 Problems
136(1)
4.6 Computer programming practice
137(1)
5 Vertical-coordinate conversions
138(31)
5.1 Hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic models
138(5)
5.2 Altitude coordinate
143(1)
5.3 Pressure coordinate
143(8)
5.4 Sigma-pressure coordinate
151(9)
5.5 Sigma-altitude coordinate
160(7)
5.6 Summary
167(1)
5.7 Problems
167(1)
5.8 Computer programming practice
168(1)
6 Numerical solutions to partial differential equations
169(35)
6.1 Ordinary and partial differential equations
169(1)
6.2 Operator splitting
170(1)
6.3 Advection-diffusion equations
171(1)
6.4 Finite-difference approximations
172(20)
6.5 Series expansion methods
192(7)
6.6 Finite-volume methods
199(1)
6.7 Advection schemes used in air-quality models
199(3)
6.8 Summary
202(1)
6.9 Problems
202(1)
6.10 Computer programming practice
203(1)
7 Finite-differencing the equations of atmospheric dynamics
204(24)
7.1 Vertical model grid
204(4)
7.2 The continuity equation for air
208(3)
7.3 The species continuity equation
211(2)
7.4 The thermodynamic energy equation
213(1)
7.5 The horizontal momentum equations
214(7)
7.6 The hydrostatic equation
221(1)
7.7 Order of calculations
222(1)
7.8 Time-stepping schemes
222(2)
7.9 Summary
224(1)
7.10 Problems
224(1)
7.11 Computer programming practice
225(1)
7.12 Modeling project
225(3)
8 Boundary-layer and surface processes
228(45)
8.1 Turbulent fluxes of momentum, energy, and moisture
228(2)
8.2 Friction wind speed
230(1)
8.3 Surface roughness lengths
231(4)
8.4 Parameterizations of kinematic turbulent fluxes
235(15)
8.5 Eddy diffusion above the surface layer
250(4)
8.6 Ground surface temperature and soil moisture
254(17)
8.7 Summary
271(1)
8.8 Problems
271(1)
8.9 Computer programming practice
272(1)
9 Radiative energy transfer
273(63)
9.1 Energy transfer processes
273(2)
9.2 Electromagnetic spectrum
275(8)
9.3 Light processes
283(7)
9.4 Absorption and scattering by gases and particles
290(23)
9.5 Visibility
313(3)
9.6 Optical depth
316(1)
9.7 Solar zenith angle
317(3)
9.8 The radiative transfer equation
320(14)
9.9 Summary
334(1)
9.10 Problems
334(1)
9.11 Computer programming practice
335(1)
10 Gas-phase species, chemical reactions, and reaction rates 336(21)
10.1 Atmospheric gases and their molecular structures
336(6)
10.2 Chemical reactions and photoprocesses
342(2)
10.3 Reaction rates
344(2)
10.4 Reaction rate coefficients
346(5)
10.5 Sets of reactions
351(2)
10.6 Stiff systems
353(2)
10.7 Summary
355(1)
10.8 Problems
355(1)
10.9 Computer programming practice
356(1)
11 Urban, free-tropospheric, and stratospheric chemistry 357(61)
11.1 Free-tropospheric photochemistry
357(18)
11.2 Urban photochemistry
375(18)
11.3 Stratospheric photochemistry
393(22)
11.4 Summary
415(1)
11.5 Problems
416(1)
11.6 Computer programming practice
417(1)
12 Methods of solving chemical ordinary differential equations 418(28)
12.1 Characteristics of chemical ODEs
418(3)
12.2 Analytical solutions to ODEs
421(1)
12.3 Taylor series solution to ODEs
421(1)
12.4 Forward Euler solution to ODEs
422(2)
12.5 Backward Euler solution to ODEs
424(2)
12.6 Simple exponential and quasi-steady-state solutions to ODEs
426(1)
12.7 Multistep implicit-explicit (MIE) solution to ODEs
427(5)
12.8 Gear's solution to ODEs
432(7)
12.9 Family solution to ODEs
439(3)
12.10 Summary
442(1)
12.11 Problems
442(1)
12.12 Computer programming practice
443(1)
12.13 Modeling project
444(2)
13 Particle components, size distributions, and size structures 446(24)
13.1 Introduction to particles
446(1)
13.2 Aerosol, fog, and cloud composition
447(2)
13.3 Discrete size distributions
449(5)
13.4 Continuous size distributions
454(8)
13.5 Evolution of size distributions over time
462(5)
13.6 Summary
467(1)
13.7 Problems
468(1)
13.8 Computer programming practice
468(2)
14 Aerosol emission and nucleation 470(24)
14.1 Aerosol emission
470(14)
14.2 Nucleation
484(8)
14.3 Summary
492(1)
14.4 Problems
493(1)
14.5 Computer programming practice
493(1)
15 Coagulation 494(31)
15.1 Implicit coagulation
494(2)
15.2 Semiimplicit Coagulation
496(2)
15.3 Comparison with analytical solutions
498(2)
15.4 Coagulation among multiple particle distributions
500(5)
15.5 Particle flow regimes
505(3)
15.6 Coagulation kernel
508(14)
15.7 Summary
522(1)
15.8 Problems
523(1)
15.9 Computer programming practice
523(2)
16 Condensation, evaporation, deposition, and sublimation 525(28)
16.1 Fluxes to and from a single drop
525(3)
16.2 Corrections to growth parameters
528(12)
16.3 Fluxes to a particle with multiple components
540(1)
16.4 Fluxes to a population of particles
540(2)
16.5 Solutions to growth equations
542(3)
16.6 Solving homogeneous nucleation with condensation
545(2)
16.7 Effects of condensation on coagulation
547(1)
16.8 Ice crystal growth
548(2)
16.9 Summary
550(1)
16.10 Problems
550(1)
16.11 Computer programming practice
551(2)
17 Chemical equilibrium and dissolution processes 553(45)
17.1 Definitions
553(1)
17.2 Equilibrium reactions
554(4)
17.3 Equilibrium relation and coefficients
558(4)
17.4 Forms of equilibrium-coefficient equations
562(3)
17.5 Mean binary solute activity coefficients
565(2)
17.6 Temperature dependence of binary solute activity coefficients
567(1)
17.7 Mean mixed solute activity coefficients
568(2)
17.8 The water equation
570(4)
17.9 Solid formation and deliquescence relative humidity
574(1)
17.10 Example equilibrium problem
575(2)
17.11 Mass-flux iteration method
577(2)
17.12 Analytical equilibrium iteration method
579(3)
17.13 Equilibrium solver results
582(1)
17.14 Nonequilibrium between gases and particles
583(11)
17.15 Summary
594(2)
17.16 Problems
596(1)
17.17 Computer programming practice
596(2)
18 Cloud thermodynamics and dynamics 598(47)
18.1 Fog and cloud types and formation mechanisms
598(4)
18.2 Moist adiabatic and pseudoadiabatic processes
602(4)
18.3 Cloud development by free convection
606(2)
18.4 Entrainment
608(2)
18.5 Vertical momentum equation in a cloud
610(2)
18.6 Convective available potential energy
612(1)
18.7 Cumulus parameterizations
612(2)
18.8 Cloud microphysics
614(28)
18.9 Summary
642(1)
18.10 Problems
643(1)
18.11 Computer programming practice
643(2)
19 Irreversible aqueous chemistry 645(16)
19.1 Significance of aqueous chemical reactions
645(1)
19.2 Mechanisms of converting S(IV) to S(VI)
646(6)
19.3 Diffusion within a drop
652(2)
19.4 Solving growth and aqueous chemical ODEs
654(5)
19.5 Summary
659(1)
19.6 Problems
659(1)
19.7 Computer programming practice
660(1)
20 Sedimentation, dry deposition, and air-sea exchange 661(20)
20.1 Sedimentation
661(4)
20.2 Dry deposition
665(5)
20.3 Dry deposition and sedimentation calculations
670(2)
20.4 Air-sea flux of carbon dioxide and other gases
672(7)
20.5 Summary
679(1)
20.6 Problems
679(1)
20.7 Computer programming practice
679(2)
21 Model design, application, and testing 681(28)
21.1 Steps in model formulation
681(19)
21.2 Example model simulations
700(7)
21.3 Summary
707(1)
21.4 Problems
707(1)
21.5 Computer programming practice
707(2)
Appendix A Conversions and constants 709(5)
A.1 Distance conversions
709(1)
A.2 Volume conversions
709(1)
A.3 Mass conversions
709(1)
A.4 Temperature conversions
710(1)
A.5 Force conversions
710(1)
A.6 Pressure conversions
710(1)
A.7 Energy conversions
710(1)
A.8 Power conversions
710(1)
A.9 Speed conversions
710(1)
A.10 Constants
711(3)
Appendix B Tables 714(38)
B.1 Standard atmospheric variables versus altitude
714(1)
B.2 Solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere
715(1)
B.3 Chemical symbols and structures of gases
716(12)
B.4 Gas-phase reactions
728(10)
B.5 Chemicals involved in equilibrium and aqueous reactions
738(2)
B.6 Thermodynamic data
740(1)
B.7 Equilibrium reactions and rate coefficients
741(2)
B.8 Irreversible aqueous reactions
743(3)
B.9 Solute activity coefficient data
746(2)
B.10 Water activity data
748(1)
B.11 Surface resistance data
749(2)
B.12 More surface resistance data
751(1)
References 752(32)
Index 784

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