Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion Ion and Hall Thrusters
by Goebel, Dan M.; Katz, IraEdition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2008-11-10
Publisher(s): Wiley
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Summary
This important new book explains the fundamentals of electric propulsion for spacecraft and describes in detail the physics and characteristics of the two major electric thrusters in use today, ion and Hall thrusters. The authors provide an introduction to plasma physics in order to allow readers to understand the models and derivations used in determining electric thruster performance. Next, they present detailed explanations of: thruster principles; ion thruster plasma generators and accelerator grids; hollow cathodes; hall thrusters; ion and Hall thruster plumes; and flight ion and Hall thrusters.
Author Biography
Dan M. Goebel, PhD, is a Senior Research Scientist in the Advanced Propulsion Technology Group at JPL in Pasadena, California. Since joining JPL in 2003, he has worked on the development of high-efficiency ion thrusters, advanced long life cathodes and grids, and electric-thruster life models for deep space missions. He is a world-recognized expert in ion thrusters, cathodes, advanced plasma sources, microwave sources, high-voltage engineering, and pulsed power switches.?
Ira Katz, PhD, has led the Advanced Propulsion Technology Group at NASA JPL since 2001. Group accomplishments during his tenure include the development and testing of the 25 kW NEXIS ion thruster, successful completion of the world's longest electric thruster life test, development of technology and support for precision formation flying missions (ST7, Lisa, TPF-I), and laboratory investigations and computer modeling of fundamental electric propulsion physics. Dr. Katz is recognized as a world leader in computer modeling of spacecraft-plasma interactions, spacecraft charging, and ion thruster physics.
Table of Contents
| Note from the Series Editor | p. ix |
| Foreword | p. xi |
| Preface | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Electric Propulsion Background | p. 2 |
| Electric Thruster Types | p. 3 |
| Ion Thruster Geometry | p. 6 |
| Hall Thruster Geometry | p. 6 |
| Beam/Plume Characteristics | p. 9 |
| References | p. 11 |
| Thruster Principles | p. 15 |
| The Rocket Equation | p. 15 |
| Force Transfer in Ion and Hall Thrusters | p. 18 |
| Thrust | p. 21 |
| Specific Impulse | p. 25 |
| Thruster Efficiency | p. 27 |
| Power Dissipation | p. 30 |
| Neutral Densities and Ingestion in Electric Thrusters | p. 32 |
| References | p. 34 |
| Problems | p. 35 |
| Basic Plasma Physics | p. 37 |
| Introduction | p. 37 |
| Maxwell's Equations | p. 38 |
| Single Particle Motions | p. 39 |
| Particle Energies and Velocities | p. 43 |
| Plasma as a Fluid | p. 46 |
| Momentum Conservation | p. 46 |
| Particle Conservation | p. 48 |
| Energy Conservation | p. 51 |
| Diffusion in Partially Ionized Gases | p. 54 |
| Collisions | p. 55 |
| Diffusion and Mobility Without a Magnetic Field | p. 60 |
| Diffusion Across Magnetic Fields | p. 66 |
| Sheaths at the Boundaries of Plasmas | p. 71 |
| Debye Sheaths | p. 73 |
| Pre-Sheaths | p. 76 |
| Child-Langmuir Sheaths | p. 79 |
| Generalized Sheath Solution | p. 81 |
| Double Sheaths | p. 84 |
| Summary of Sheath Effects | p. 86 |
| References | p. 88 |
| Problems | p. 89 |
| Ion Thruster Plasma Generators | p. 91 |
| Introduction | p. 91 |
| Idealized Ion Thruster Plasma Generator | p. 93 |
| DC Discharge Ion Thruster | p. 100 |
| Generalized 0-D Ring-Cusp Ion Thruster Model | p. 102 |
| Magnetic Multipole Boundaries | p. 105 |
| Electron Confinement | p. 108 |
| Ion Confinement at the Anode Wall | p. 110 |
| Ion and Excited Neutral Production | p. 117 |
| Neutral and Primary Densities in the Discharge Chamber | p. 120 |
| Power and Energy Balance in the Discharge Chamber | p. 124 |
| Discharge Loss | p. 126 |
| Discharge Stability | p. 133 |
| Recycling Behavior | p. 137 |
| Limitations of a 0-D Model | p. 141 |
| Kaufman Ion Thrusters | p. 142 |
| rf Ion Thrusters | p. 148 |
| Microwave Ion Thrusters | p. 158 |
| 2-D Computer Models of the Ion Thruster Discharge Chamber | p. 171 |
| Neutral Atom Model | p. 172 |
| Primary Electron Motion and Ionization Model | p. 176 |
| Discharge Chamber Model Results | p. 179 |
| References | p. 182 |
| Problems | p. 187 |
| Ion Thruster Accelerator Grids | p. 189 |
| Grid Configurations | p. 190 |
| Ion Accelerator Basics | p. 196 |
| Ion Optics | p. 200 |
| Ion Trajectories | p. 200 |
| Perveance Limits | p. 204 |
| Grid Expansion and Alignment | p. 206 |
| Electron Backstreaming | p. 208 |
| High-Voltage Considerations | p. 216 |
| Electrode Breakdown | p. 217 |
| Molybdenum Electrodes | p. 218 |
| Carbon-Carbon Composite Materials | p. 221 |
| Pyrolytic Graphite | p. 223 |
| Hold-off and Conditioning in Ion Thrusters | p. 224 |
| Ion Accelerator Grid Life | p. 225 |
| Grid Models | p. 227 |
| Barrel Erosion | p. 230 |
| Pits-and-Grooves Erosion | p. 232 |
| References | p. 235 |
| Problems | p. 240 |
| Hollow Cathodes | p. 243 |
| Introduction | p. 243 |
| Cathode Configurations | p. 248 |
| Thermionic Electron Emitter Characteristics | p. 251 |
| Insert Region Plasma | p. 256 |
| Orifice Region Plasma | p. 270 |
| Hollow Cathode Thermal Models | p. 281 |
| Cathode Plume-Region Plasma | p. 283 |
| Hollow Cathode Life | p. 292 |
| Dispenser Cathodes in Insert Plasmas | p. 293 |
| Cathode Insert Temperature | p. 296 |
| Barium Depletion Model | p. 298 |
| Bulk-Material Insert Life | p. 302 |
| Cathode Poisoning | p. 304 |
| Keeper Wear and Life | p. 306 |
| Hollow Cathode Operation | p. 309 |
| References | p. 315 |
| Problems | p. 321 |
| Hall Thrusters | p. 325 |
| Introduction | p. 325 |
| Thruster Operating Principles and Scaling | p. 329 |
| Crossed-Field Structure and the Hall Current | p. 330 |
| Ionization Length and Scaling | p. 334 |
| Potential and Current Distributions | p. 337 |
| Hall Thruster Performance Models | p. 341 |
| Hall Thruster Efficiency | p. 341 |
| Multiply Charged Ion Correction | p. 345 |
| Dominant Power Loss Mechanisms | p. 347 |
| Plasma Electron Temperature | p. 357 |
| Hall Thruster Efficiency (Dielectric Walls) | p. 359 |
| TAL Hall Thruster Efficiency (Metallic Walls) | p. 363 |
| Dielectric-Wall Versus Metallic-Wall Comparison | p. 364 |
| Channel Physics and Numerical Modeling | p. 365 |
| Hybrid Hall Thruster Models | p. 366 |
| Steady-State Modeling Results | p. 372 |
| Oscillations in Hall Thrusters | p. 376 |
| Hall Thruster Life | p. 379 |
| References | p. 384 |
| Problems | p. 389 |
| Ion and Hall Thruster Plumes | p. 393 |
| Introduction | p. 393 |
| Plume Physics | p. 395 |
| Plume Measurements | p. 395 |
| Flight Data | p. 396 |
| Laboratory Plume Measurements | p. 398 |
| Plume Models | p. 400 |
| Primary Beam Expansion | p. 400 |
| Neutral Gas Plumes | p. 407 |
| Secondary-Ion Generation | p. 408 |
| Spacecraft Interactions | p. 410 |
| Momentum of the Plume Particles | p. 412 |
| Sputtering and Contamination | p. 413 |
| Plasma Interactions with Solar Arrays | p. 415 |
| Interactions with Payloads | p. 418 |
| Microwave Phase Shift | p. 418 |
| Plume Plasma Optical Emission | p. 419 |
| References | p. 422 |
| Problems | p. 424 |
| Flight Ion and Hall Thrusters | p. 429 |
| Introduction | p. 429 |
| Ion Thrusters | p. 429 |
| Hall Thrusters | p. 440 |
| References | p. 443 |
| Appendices | |
| Nomenclature | p. 447 |
| Gas Flow Unit Conversions and Cathode Pressure Estimates | p. 463 |
| Energy Loss by Electrons | p. 467 |
| Ionization and Excitation Cross Sections for Xenon | p. 471 |
| Ionization and Excitation Reaction Rates for Xenon in Maxwellian Plasmas | p. 475 |
| Electron Relaxation and Thermalization Times | p. 479 |
| Clausing Factor Monte Carlo Calculation | p. 483 |
| Index | p. 487 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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