High-Frequency Oscillator Design for Integrated Transceivers,9781402075643

High-Frequency Oscillator Design for Integrated Transceivers

by ; ;
ISBN13: 9781402075643
ISBN10: 1402075642
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-11-01
Publisher(s): Kluwer Academic Pub
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Summary

High-Frequency Oscillator Design for Integrated Transceivers covers the analysis and design of all high-frequency oscillators required to realize integrated transceivers for wireless and wired applications. This includes the design of oscillator types as single-phase LC oscillators, I/Q LC oscillators, multi-phase LC oscillators, and ring oscillators in various IC technologies such as bipolar, BiCMOS, CMOS, and SOI (silicon on insulator). Starting from an in depth review of basic oscillator theory, the authors discuss key oscillator specifications, numerous oscillator circuit topologies, and introduce the concepts of design figures of merit (FOMs) and benchmark FOMs, which assist the oscillator designer during the overall design cycle. Taking advantage of behavioral modeling, the elementary properties of LC oscillators and ring oscillators are analyzed first. A detailed analysis of oscillator properties at circuit level follows taking parasitic elements and other practical aspects of integrated oscillator design into account. Special attention is given to advantages and limitations of linear time invariant (LTI) phase noise modeling, leading to the concept of optimum coupling in I/Q LC oscillators and a simulation method for fast and efficient phase noise optimization in oscillators. In addition, all modern linear time variant (LTV) phase noise theories are covered. As not only phase noise is of high importance to the designer, but optimization of other oscillator properties as well, additional subjects such as various tuning methods of LC oscillators are analyzed, too. Design examples of integrated LC and ring oscillators in the frequency range of 100 MHz up to 11 GHz are thoroughly discussed throughout the book. The clear and structured discussion of basic oscillator properties make High-Frequency Oscillator Design for Integrated Transceivers an excellent starting point for the inexperienced oscillator designer. The detailed analysis of many oscillator types and circuit topologies, the discussion of numerous practical design issues together with fast optimization methods, and more than 200 carefully selected literature references on oscillator literature, LC oscillator and ring oscillator designs make this book a very valuable resource for the experienced IC designer as well.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
Glossary xvii
Abbreviations xxiii
1 Introduction 1(12)
1.1 History
1(2)
1.2 Application examples
3(3)
1.3 Literature on oscillators
6(3)
1.4 The oscillator designer
9(1)
1.5 Scope
9(4)
2 Oscillators 13(24)
2.1 The ideal oscillator
13(2)
2.2 The non ideal oscillator
15(2)
2.3 Classification
17(4)
2.4 Oscillation conditions
21(9)
2.4.1 Feedback modeling
21(8)
2.4.2 Negative resistance modeling
29(1)
2.5 Amplitude stabilization and settling time
30(6)
2.5.1 Self limiting
31(3)
2.5.2 Automatic gain control
34(2)
2.6 Summary
36(1)
3 Structured design with FOMs 37(30)
3.1 Analog circuit design 3
8(36)
3.1.1 Functional specifications and design resources
39(1)
3.1.2 Design phases
40(2)
3.1.3 Design heuristics
42(2)
3.2 Structured and automated design methods
44(5)
3.2.1 Trial and error
45(1)
3.2.2 Optimization tools
46(1)
3.2.3 Expert systems and synthesis environments
47(2)
3.3 FOM-based structured design
49(9)
3.3.1 Structured design requirements
50(1)
3.3.2 Figures of merit
51(7)
3.4 Modeling framework
58(6)
3.4.1 System level modeling
58(3)
3.4.2 Behavioral level modeling
61(2)
3.4.3 Circuit level modeling
63(1)
3.5 Summary
64(3)
4 Specifications 67(22)
4.1 Nominal specifications versus design specifications
67(1)
4.2 Frequency and tuning range
68(3)
4.2.1 Tuning constant and linearity
70(1)
4.3 Phase noise to carrier ratio
71(6)
4.3.1 Reciprocal mixing
74(1)
4.3.2 Signal to noise degradation of FM signals
75(1)
4.3.3 Spurious emission
76(1)
4.4 Jitter
77(2)
4.5 Waveform
79(1)
4.6 Carrier amplitude and power
80(1)
4.7 Phase and amplitude matching
81(2)
4.8 Power dissipation and supply voltage
83(1)
4.9 Supply pushing
83(1)
4.10 Voltage, temperature and process variation
84(2)
4.10.1 Supply voltage variation
85(1)
4.10.2 Temperature range
85(1)
4.10.3 Process spread
85(1)
4.11 Technology and chip area
86(1)
4.12 Summary
86(3)
5 Elementary properties 89(22)
5.1 Frequency and phase
90(8)
5.1.1 LC oscillators
90(5)
5.1.2 Ring oscillators
95(3)
5.2 Tuning
98(3)
5.2.1 LC oscillators
99(2)
5.2.2 Ring oscillators
101(1)
5.3 Waveform
101(7)
5.3.1 LC oscillators
102(4)
5.3.2 Ring oscillators
106(2)
5.4 Carrier amplitude and power
108(1)
5.5 Summary
108(3)
6 Practical properties 111(74)
6.1 Frequency and phase
113(19)
6.1.1 Single-phase LC oscillators
113(5)
6.1.2 Multi phase LC oscillators
118(5)
6.1.3 The two integrator oscillator
123(5)
6.1.4 N stage ring oscillators
128(4)
6.2 Tuning
132(23)
6.2.1 LC oscillators
133(19)
6.2.2 Ring oscillators
152(3)
6.3 L(fm): linear time-invariant modeling
155(14)
6.3.1 LC oscillators
156(9)
6.3.2 Ring oscillators
165(4)
6.4 L (fm): linear time-variant and nonlinear modeling
169(8)
6.4.1 Qualitative analysis
170(3)
6.4.2 Quantitative analysis
173(4)
6.5 Waveform
177(1)
6.6 Carrier amplitude and power
178(3)
6.7 Power dissipation and supply voltage
181(1)
6.8 Summary
182(3)
7 Figures of merit 185(16)
7.1 Design FOMs
186(4)
7.1.1 Frequency design FOMs
187(1)
7.1.2 Tuning design FOMs
188(1)
7.1.3 L(fm) design FOMs
188(2)
7.2 Benchmark FOMs
190(9)
7.2.1 Oscillator number
191(1)
7.2.2 Normalized phase noise
191(2)
7.2.3 Oscillator design efficiency
193(6)
7.3 Summary
199(2)
8 AC phase noise simulation tool 201(14)
8.1 AC phase noise simulation
202(5)
8.1.1 Introduction
202(1)
8.1.2 ACPN simulation principle
203(4)
8.2 ACPN simulation flow
207(1)
8.3 Simulation example I: verification of Lbipo(fm)
208(3)
8.4 Simulation example II: L(fm) of a SOA LC oscillator
211(2)
8.5 Summary
213(2)
9 Design examples 215(40)
9.1 A 670-830 MHz LC oscillator for FM radio in SOA
216(9)
9.1.1 Specifications
216(1)
9.1.2 SOA technology
217(2)
9.1.3 Oscillator design
219(3)
9.1.4 Experimental results
222(1)
9.1.5 Benchmarking
223(1)
9.1.6 Conclusion
224(1)
9.2 A 0.9-2.2 GHz two-integrator VCO for Sat-TV
225(8)
9.2.1 Specifications
227(1)
9.2.2 Oscillator design
228(2)
9.2.3 Experimental results
230(3)
9.2.4 Conclusion
233(1)
9.3 A 225-310 MHz LC oscillator with PMOS varactors
233(9)
9.3.1 Specifications
233(1)
9.3.2 Resonator design
234(3)
9.3.3 Active oscillator design
237(1)
9.3.4 Experimental results
238(3)
9.3.5 Discussion
241(1)
9.3.6 Conclusion
241(1)
9.4 A 10 GHz I/Q ring VCO for optical receivers
242(19)
9.4.1 Specifications
243(1)
9.4.2 Two-stage ring oscillator topologies
244(3)
9.4.3 Simulation of the maximum oscillation frequency
247(1)
9.4.4 Adding buffered outputs
247(2)
9.4.5 Experimental results
249(2)
9.4.6 Benchmarking
251(1)
9.4.7 Conclusion
252(3)
A Resonator quality factor 255(2)
B Behavioral modeling building blocks 257(4)
C The ideal limiter and implementations 261(4)
C.1 DC transfer characteristics of a MOS differential pair
261(1)
C.2 DC transfer characteristics of a bipolar differential pair
262(1)
C.3 Graphical example
263(2)
D I/Q signal generation implementations 265(2)
E The frequency of a ring oscillator 267(4)
F Bipolar and MOS AC calculation model 271(4)
F.1 Generic transistor model
271(1)
F.2 Bipolar and MOS parameter values
272(3)
G Overview of LC oscillator designs 275(4)
H Overview of ring oscillator designs 279(2)
I Q and L(fm) of linear LC oscillators 281(6)
I.1 Single-phase LC oscillators
281(2)
I.2 Multi phase LC oscillators
283(4)
J Q and L(fm) of linear ring oscillators 287(4)
J.1 The two integrator oscillator
287(2)
J.2 N stage ring oscillators
289(2)
References 291(14)
Literature on LC oscillator designs 305(4)
Literature on ring oscillator designs 309(2)
About the Authors 311

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