Preface |
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xiii | |
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Growth, Welfare, and the American Economy |
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1 | (23) |
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1 | (9) |
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10 | (14) |
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Part One The Colonial Era: 1607--1776 |
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24 | (98) |
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26 | (24) |
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European Background to the Voyages of Discovery |
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26 | (1) |
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Portugal and the First Discoveries |
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27 | (1) |
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Portugal and Spain: Expanding Empires |
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28 | (2) |
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The Latecomers: Holland, France, and England |
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30 | (1) |
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First British Settlements in North America |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (6) |
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38 | (12) |
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Colonial Economic Activities |
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50 | (18) |
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Land and Natural Resource Abundance, Labor Scarcity |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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The Dominance of Agriculture |
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51 | (6) |
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The Extractive Industries |
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57 | (3) |
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The Manufacturing Industries |
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60 | (4) |
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64 | (4) |
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The Economic Relations of the Colonies |
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68 | (19) |
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English Mercantilism and the Colonies |
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68 | (2) |
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Exports, Imports, and Markets |
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70 | (1) |
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Overseas Shipping and Trade |
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71 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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Money, Debts, and Creditors |
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78 | (1) |
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Trade Deficits with England |
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79 | (8) |
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Economic Progress and Wealth |
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87 | (19) |
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Growth and Change in the Colonial Economy |
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87 | (8) |
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Technological Change and Productivity |
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95 | (4) |
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Speculations on Early Growth Rates |
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99 | (1) |
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Per Capita Wealth and Income, 1774 |
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100 | (1) |
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The Distribution of Income and Wealth |
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101 | (5) |
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106 | (16) |
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106 | (3) |
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The New Colonial Policy and the First Crisis |
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109 | (2) |
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More Changes and the Second Crisis |
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111 | (1) |
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The Third Crisis and Rebellion |
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111 | (11) |
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Part Two The Revolutionary, Early National, and Antebellum Eras: 1776--1860 |
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122 | (140) |
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Hard Realities for a New Nation |
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124 | (16) |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (3) |
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American Independence and Economic Change |
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130 | (1) |
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A Quantitative Analysis of Economic Change |
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131 | (2) |
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War, Neutrality, and Economic Resurgence |
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133 | (7) |
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Land and the Early Western Movements |
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140 | (22) |
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The Acquisition of the Public Domain |
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140 | (7) |
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The Migrations to the West |
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147 | (6) |
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The Southwestern Migration and Cotton |
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153 | (4) |
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The Far Western Migration |
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157 | (5) |
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Transportation and Market Growth |
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162 | (22) |
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The Antebellum Transportation Revolution |
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162 | (2) |
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The Routes of Western Commerce |
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164 | (1) |
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Steamboats and the Natural Waterways |
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165 | (5) |
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Public Versus Private Initiative on the Natural Waterways |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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The Antebellum Interregional Growth Hypothesis |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (6) |
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Market Expansion and Industry in First Transition |
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184 | (19) |
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Early Changes in U.S. Manufacturing |
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184 | (7) |
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Prerequisites to Factory Production |
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191 | (4) |
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Productivity Advances in Manufactures |
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195 | (1) |
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Protection From Foreign Competition |
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196 | (7) |
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Labor During the Early Industrial Period |
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203 | (19) |
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The Growth of the Population and the Labor Force |
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203 | (1) |
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The Changing Labor Force Distribution and Composition |
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204 | (4) |
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The Impact of Immigration |
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208 | (1) |
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The Wages of Male Labor in Manufacturing |
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209 | (3) |
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Growing Inequality of Income |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (4) |
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Political Gains for Common Working People |
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217 | (5) |
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Money and Banking in the Developing Economy |
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222 | (19) |
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The American Monetary Unit |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Bank Notes as Paper Money |
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224 | (1) |
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The First Bank of the United States |
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225 | (3) |
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The Second Bank of the United States |
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228 | (4) |
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Economic Fluctuations and the Second Bank |
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232 | (2) |
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Experiments in State Banking Controls |
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234 | (2) |
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The Economic Consequences of the Gold Rush |
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236 | (5) |
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The Entrenchment of Slavery and Regional Conflict |
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241 | (21) |
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African Slavery in the Western Hemisphere |
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241 | (1) |
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First U.S. Constraints on Slavery |
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242 | (4) |
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246 | (6) |
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252 | (2) |
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Economic Entrenchment and Regional Incomes |
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254 | (1) |
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Political Compromises and Regional Conflict |
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255 | (7) |
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Part Three The Reunification Era: 1860--1920 |
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262 | (152) |
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War, Recovery, and Regional Divergence |
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264 | (21) |
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265 | (3) |
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The Civil War and Northern Industrialization |
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268 | (2) |
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Economic Retardation in the South |
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270 | (5) |
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275 | (10) |
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Agriculture's Western Advance |
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285 | (22) |
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The Expansion of Land under Cultivation |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (2) |
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The Impact of Federal Land Policy |
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288 | (2) |
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Growth and Change in Agriculture |
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290 | (3) |
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Hard Times on the Farm, 1864--1896 |
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293 | (5) |
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Agrarian Political Organizations |
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298 | (3) |
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The Beginnings of Federal Assistance to Agriculture |
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301 | (1) |
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Natural Resource Conservation: The First Stages |
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302 | (5) |
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Railroads and Economic Change |
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307 | (19) |
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308 | (1) |
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Total Construction: Page and Patterns |
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309 | (3) |
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Railroad Building and Railroad Demand |
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312 | (1) |
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Land Grants, Financial Assistance, and Private Capital |
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313 | (2) |
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Unscrupulous Financial Practices |
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315 | (1) |
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Rate Setting and Regulation in Railroad Markets |
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315 | (6) |
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Railroads and Economic Growth |
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321 | (5) |
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Industrial Expansion and Concentration |
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326 | (22) |
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Structural Change and Industry Composition |
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326 | (9) |
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Economies of Scale and Industry Concentration |
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335 | (2) |
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The Two Phases of the Concentration Movement |
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337 | (4) |
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Legislation and Legal Actions |
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341 | (7) |
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The Emergence of America's Labor Consciousness |
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348 | (21) |
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Demographic Change and the Supply of Labor |
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348 | (3) |
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Immigration, Politics, and Economic Effect |
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351 | (3) |
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Gains for Workers in the Postbellum Period |
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354 | (6) |
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Unions, Employers, and Conflict, 1860--1914 |
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360 | (5) |
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Labor's Gains and the Unions |
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365 | (4) |
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Money, Prices and Finance in the Postbellum Era |
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369 | (22) |
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370 | (4) |
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Gold, Greenbacks, or Bimetallism? |
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374 | (9) |
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Financial Capital, Investment Banking, and the National Debt |
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383 | (2) |
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Bank Panics and the Establishment of the Federal Reserve System |
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385 | (6) |
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Commerce at Home and Abroad |
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391 | (23) |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (6) |
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Product Differentiation and Advertising |
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399 | (1) |
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The First Steps Toward Consumer Protection |
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399 | (4) |
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403 | (3) |
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The Acceptance of Protectionist Doctrines |
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406 | (2) |
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The United States in an Imperialist World |
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408 | (6) |
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Part Four War, Depression, and War Again: 1914--1946 |
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414 | (104) |
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416 | (14) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (4) |
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Replacement of the Market with a Command System |
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421 | (3) |
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424 | (2) |
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The Legacies of World War I |
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426 | (4) |
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430 | (22) |
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Social Changes in the Aftermath of War |
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430 | (1) |
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New Goods and the Rise of the Middle Class |
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431 | (5) |
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The Labor Force in the Twenties |
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436 | (4) |
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440 | (2) |
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Were the Rich Getting Richer While the Poor Got Poorer? |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (2) |
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International Developments |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (6) |
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452 | (21) |
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Dimensions of the Depression |
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453 | (1) |
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Causes of the Great Depression |
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454 | (6) |
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The Role of the Financial Crisis |
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460 | (3) |
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Why Didn't the Federal Reserve Save the Banking System? |
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463 | (2) |
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Fiscal Policy in the 1930s |
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465 | (1) |
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Partial Recovery and then a New Downturn |
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466 | (3) |
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469 | (1) |
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What Does the Depression Tell Us about Capitalism? |
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469 | (4) |
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473 | (21) |
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The First New Deal: Relief and Recovery |
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474 | (5) |
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Agriculture and the New Deal |
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479 | (6) |
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485 | (3) |
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The Supreme Court and the New Deal |
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488 | (1) |
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The Second New Deal: The Welfare State |
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489 | (1) |
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The Critics of the New Deal |
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490 | (1) |
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The Legacy of the New Deal |
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491 | (3) |
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494 | (24) |
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494 | (5) |
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Fiscal and Monetary Policy |
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499 | (4) |
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503 | (2) |
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505 | (1) |
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Labor Relations during the War |
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506 | (2) |
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Wartime Minority Experiences |
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508 | (1) |
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Agriculture during the War |
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509 | (3) |
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Demobilization and Reconversion |
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512 | (6) |
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Part Five The Postwar Era: 1946 to the Present |
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518 | (89) |
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The Changing Role of the U.S. Government |
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520 | (24) |
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The Size of Government in the Postwar Era |
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520 | (4) |
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The Liberal Era, 1945--1976: Continued Expansion |
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524 | (4) |
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The Conservative Era, 1976--2000 |
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528 | (2) |
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530 | (5) |
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The Environment and the Legacy of the Conservation Movement |
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535 | (3) |
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Can the Principles of Economics Explain the Growth of the Government? |
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538 | (6) |
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Growth and the Business Cycle after World War II |
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544 | (21) |
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545 | (9) |
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Monetarism and Its Descendants |
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554 | (8) |
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Was the Economy More Stable after World War II Than before the Depression? |
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562 | (3) |
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Manufacturing, Productivity, and Labor |
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565 | (27) |
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565 | (1) |
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Gales of Creative Destruction |
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566 | (6) |
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Changes in the Organization of Industry |
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572 | (3) |
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The Rise of the Service Sector |
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575 | (1) |
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The Changing Role of Women in the Labor Force |
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576 | (4) |
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580 | (4) |
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584 | (2) |
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586 | (1) |
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587 | (5) |
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Achievements of the Past, Challenges for the Future |
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592 | (15) |
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The Achievements of the Past |
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592 | (1) |
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Real Income Has Grown Rapidly |
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592 | (7) |
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Challenges for the Future |
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599 | (4) |
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603 | (4) |
Subject Index |
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607 | (9) |
Name Index |
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616 | |