How to Design and Report Experiments

by
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-02-28
Publisher(s): Sage Publications Ltd
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Summary

How to Design and Report Experiments is the perfect textbook and guide to the often bewildering world of experimental design and statistics. It provides a complete map of the entire process beginning with how to get ideas about research, how to refine your research question and the actual design of the experiment, leading on to statistical procedure and assistance with writing up of results. While many books look at the fundamentals of doing successful experiments and include good coverage of statistical techniques, this book very importantly considers the process in chronological order with specific attention given to effective design in the context of likely methods needed and expected results. Without full assessment of these aspects, the experience and results may not end up being as positive as one might have hoped. Ample coverage is then also provided of statistical data analysis, a hazardous journey in itself, and the reporting of findings, with numerous examples and helpful tips of common downfalls throughout. Combining light humour, empathy with solid practical guidance to ensure a positive experience overall, Designing and Reporting Experiments will be essential reading for students in psychology and those in cognate disciplines with an experimental focus or content in research methods courses.

Author Biography

Andy Field and Graham Hole are both based in the Department of Psychology at the University of Sussex

Table of Contents

Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
Part 1: Designing an Experiment
1(106)
Before You Begin
3(30)
Variables and Measurement
5(5)
Experimental versus Correlational Research
10(17)
The Dynamic Nature of Scientific Method
27(2)
Summary
29(1)
Practical Tasks
29(3)
Further Reading
32(1)
Planning an Experiment
33(21)
What Should I Research: Finding Out What's Been Done?
33(4)
How Do I Research My Question?
37(14)
Summary: Is That It?
51(1)
Practical Tasks
52(1)
Further Reading
53(1)
Experimental Designs
54(53)
The Three Aims of Research: Reliability, Validity and Importance
54(9)
Different Methods for Doing Research
63(33)
So, Which Experimental Design Should You Use?
96(2)
Ethical Considerations in Running a Study
98(3)
Summary
101(1)
Practical Tasks
102(2)
Further Reading
104(3)
Part 2: Analysing and Interpreting Data
107(178)
Descriptive Statistics
109(32)
Populations and Samples
109(2)
Summarizing Data
111(24)
Confidence Intervals
135(1)
Reporting Descriptive Statistics
136(3)
Summary
139(1)
Practical Tasks
140(1)
Further Reading
140(1)
Inferential Statistics
141(18)
Testing Hypotheses
141(16)
Summary
157(1)
Practical Tasks
157(1)
Further Reading
158(1)
Parametric Statistics
159(75)
How Do I Tell If My Data are Parametric?
159(3)
The t-Test
162(1)
The Independent t-Test
163(5)
The Dependent t-Test
168(4)
Analysis of Variance
172(2)
One-Way Independent ANOVA
174(9)
One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA
183(8)
Two Way Independent ANOVA
191(10)
Two-Way Mixed ANOVA
201(11)
Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA
212(11)
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
223(8)
Summary
231(1)
Practical Tasks
231(1)
Further Reading
232(2)
Non-parametric Statistics
234(24)
Non-Parametric Tests: Rationale
234(1)
The Mann-Whitney Test
235(4)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
239(5)
The Kruskal-Wallis Test
244(6)
Friedman's ANOVA
250(6)
Summary
256(1)
Practical Tasks
256(1)
Further Reading
256(2)
Choosing a Statistical Test
258(27)
The Need to Think About Statistics at the Outset of Designing a Study
258(7)
Five Questions to Ask Yourself
265(4)
Specific Sources of Confusion in Deciding Which Test to Use
269(2)
Examples of Using These Questions to Arrive at the Correct Test
271(6)
Summary
277(1)
Practical Tasks
277(8)
Part 3: Writing Up Your Research
285(88)
A Quick Guide to Writing a Psychology Lab-Report
287(14)
An Overview of the Various Sections of a Report
287(2)
Title
289(1)
Abstract
289(1)
Introduction
289(2)
Method
291(2)
Results
293(2)
Discussion
295(3)
References
298(3)
General Points When Writing a Report
301(10)
The Standardized Format of the Report
301(2)
Some Important Considerations When Writing a Report
303(1)
Writing Style
304(3)
Give Yourself Enough Time
307(1)
Summary
308(1)
Practical Tasks
309(1)
Further Reading
309(2)
Answering the Question `Why?' The Introduction Section
311(9)
Providing a Rationale
311(2)
How to Describe Previous Research and its Findings
313(2)
Outlining Your Own Experiment
315(1)
Providing Predictions About the Experiment's Outcome
316(1)
Summary
317(1)
Practical Tasks
317(3)
Answering the Question `How?' The Method Section
320(7)
Design
320(1)
Participants
321(1)
Apparatus
322(1)
Procedure
323(1)
Summary
324(1)
Practical Tasks
324(3)
Answering the Question `What Did I Find?' The Results Section
327(9)
Tidying Up Your Data
327(1)
Descriptive Statistics
328(2)
Inferential Statistics
330(2)
Make the Reader's Task Easy
332(1)
Be Selective in Reporting Your Results!
333(1)
Summary
333(3)
Answering the Question `So What'? The Discussion Section
336(7)
Summarize Your Findings
336(1)
Relate Your Findings to Previous Research
336(4)
Discuss the Limitations of Your Study
340(1)
Make Suggestions for Further Research
341(1)
Draw Some Conclusions
342(1)
Summary
342(1)
Title, Abstract, References and Formatting
343(17)
The Title
343(1)
The Abstract
344(1)
References
345(11)
Appendices
356(1)
Practical Tasks
357(3)
Example of an Experimental Write-Up
360(13)
Abstract
360(1)
Introduction
361(3)
Method
364(1)
Design
364(1)
Procedure
365(1)
Results
366(2)
Discussion
368(3)
References for the Example
371(2)
References 373(6)
Index 379

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