The last decade has seen the unexpected re-emergence of hybrid and internationalised courts - institutions which operate with varying combinations of national and international law, procedure, and staff. Whilst the establishment of the permanent International Criminal Court should have made hybrid mechanisms largely obsolete, hybrids have recently been established or proposed for atrocity crimes committed in Chad, South Sudan, Israel/Palestine, the Central African Republic, Kosovo, Syria, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, The Gambia, Liberia, and Ukraine.

Hybrid Justice critically examines the resurgent promise of hybrid courts. Focusing on the fields, practices, innovations, and of hybrid courts, the contributors evaluate hybrids' success, and in doing so, help to clarify the conditions and mechanisms that makes hybrids likely to succeed in their mandates and impacts. The authors focus on hybrid courts and resilience: the resilience of hybrid mechanisms to withstand political and other pressures to deliver justice and accountability, and the potential contribution of hybrids to the resilience of affected communities.

Borne out of a collaboration between lawyers, academics, and activists, this edited volume provides a uniquely comparative account of the development of hybrid courts in recent years.

Kirsten Ainley, Professor, Coral Bell School of International Relations, Australian National University,Mark Kersten, Assistant Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of the Fraser Valley, University of the Fraser Valley

Kirsten Ainley is Professor of International Relations at the Australian National University and the Principal Investigator of the Hybrid Justice project. Her research focuses on international policy and practice in military, legal, and development-focused interventions, and the impacts of these interventions, with an increasing focus on their gendered impacts. She has published on international criminal law, transitional justice, and the International Criminal Court, and her current work traces funding streams for international courts and transitional justice programmes. She co-authored, with Mark Kersten, the Dakar Guidelines on the Establishment of Hybrid Courts, which develop good practice on setting up hybrid tribunals.

Mark Kersten is Assistant Professor in the Criminology and Criminal Justice Department at the University of the Fraser Valley in British Columbia, Canada, and a Senior Consultant at the Wayamo Foundation in Berlin, Germany. Mark is the founder of the blog Justice in Conflict and author of the book, published by Oxford University Press, by the same name. His research on the pursuit of justice and accountability for mass atrocities, peace processes and conflict resolution has appeared in numerous academic fora as well as media publications such as Al Jazeera, BBC, Foreign Policy, Toronto Star, and The Washington Post.

1. Introduction, Kirsten Ainley and Mark KerstenFIELDS2. In whose name? Mapping the constitutional legitimacy of hybrid international criminal courts, Dennis Schmidt3. Regionalized Hybrid Courts, Elena Baylis4. Securing Resilient Peace: From Hybridity to Polyvalence, Shastry Njeru and Tyanai Masiya5. Dissent in International Criminal Justice and the Creation and Re-emergence of the Hybrid Court, Shannon Torrens6. Institutional Design and Complementarity: Regulating Relations between Hybrid Tribunals and other Judicial and Non-Judicial Institutions, Patryk LabudaPRACTICE7. Valuing the Defence: A Comparative Analysis of the Hybrid Tribunals' Stumbling Efforts Towards Giving Meaning to Defence Rights, Sareta Ashraph8. Victim participation in hybrid international(ised) tribunals - part of the modern acquis or just a feature 'nice to have'?, Philipp Ambach9. From the Special Criminal Court in CAR to the Kosovo Specialist Chambers: Impact of the nationality of judges/staff on the legitimacy of recent hybrid tribunals, Erica Bussey10. Emerging Enforcement Practices of Hybrid Courts: Lessons Learned for Proposed Hybrid Mechanisms in Post-Conflict States, Philipa GreerInnovation11. A New African Pluralism in International Criminal Law: Sovereign Immunity and the Trial of Hissène Habré, Kerstin Bree Carlson12. Innovations in hybrid justice: comparative opportunities and challenges of the Central African Republic's Special Criminal Court and the proposed Hybrid Court for South Sudan, Elise Keppler13. 'Forced marriage': A positive development for international criminal law?, Rosemary Grey14. Hybrid investigatory Mechanisms and other Hybrid Justice Initiatives, Camilo Sanchez15. Hybrid tribunals as a mechanism for reparative justice, Sarah WilliamsImpact16. Hybrid justice and the promise and expectations of outreach, Olga Kavran17. The Premise of Capacity Building in the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia and the Bosnian War Crimes Chamber, Ezequiel Jiminez18. Beyond 'fragmentation': the potential of hybrid courts to restore local trust in international justice through prosecution of economic, social and cultural rights violations, Alice Dieci19. Conclusion