
Interest Rate Models-theory and Practice
by Brigo, Damiano; Mercurio, Fabio-
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Summary
Table of Contents
Preface | p. VII |
Motivation | p. VII |
Aims, Readership and Book Structure | p. XII |
Final Word and Acknowledgments | p. XIV |
Description of Contents by Chapter | p. XIX |
Abbreviations and Notation | p. XXXV |
Basic Definitions and No Arbitrage | |
Definitions and Notation | p. 1 |
The Bank Account and the Short Rate | p. 2 |
Zero-Coupon Bonds and Spot Interest Rates | p. 4 |
Fundamental Interest-Rate Curves | p. 9 |
Forward Rates | p. 11 |
Interest-Rate Swaps and Forward Swap Rates | p. 13 |
Interest-Rate Caps/Floors and Swaptions | p. 16 |
No-Arbitrage Pricing and Numeraire Change | p. 23 |
No-Arbitrage in Continuous Time | p. 24 |
The Change-of-Numeraire Technique | p. 26 |
A Change of Numeraire Toolkit (Brigo & Mercurio 2001c) | p. 28 |
A helpful notation: "DC" | p. 35 |
The Choice of a Convenient Numeraire | p. 37 |
The Forward Measure | p. 38 |
The Fundamental Pricing Formulas | p. 39 |
The Pricing of Caps and Floors | p. 40 |
Pricing Claims with Deferred Payoffs | p. 42 |
Pricing Claims with Multiple Payoffs | p. 42 |
Foreign Markets and Numeraire Change | p. 44 |
From Short Rate Models to HJM | |
One-factor short-rate models | p. 51 |
Introduction and Guided Tour | p. 51 |
Classical Time-Homogeneous Short-Rate Models | p. 57 |
The Vasicek Model | p. 58 |
The Dothan Model | p. 62 |
The Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (CIR) Model | p. 64 |
Affine Term-Structure Models | p. 68 |
The Exponential-Vasicek (EV) Model | p. 70 |
The Hull-White Extended Vasicek Model | p. 71 |
The Short-Rate Dynamics | p. 72 |
Bond and Option Pricing | p. 75 |
The Construction of a Trinomial Tree | p. 78 |
Possible Extensions of the CIR Model | p. 80 |
The Black-Karasinski Model | p. 82 |
The Short-Rate Dynamics | p. 83 |
The Construction of a Trinomial Tree | p. 85 |
Volatility Structures in One-Factor Short-Rate Models | p. 86 |
Humped-Volatility Short-Rate Models | p. 92 |
A General Deterministic-Shift Extension | p. 95 |
The Basic Assumptions | p. 96 |
Fitting the Initial Term Structure of Interest Rates | p. 97 |
Explicit Formulas for European Options | p. 99 |
The Vasicek Case | p. 100 |
The CIR++ Model | p. 102 |
The Construction of a Trinomial Tree | p. 105 |
Early Exercise Pricing via Dynamic Programming | p. 106 |
The Positivity of Rates and Fitting Quality | p. 106 |
Monte Carlo Simulation | p. 109 |
Jump Diffusion CIR and CIR++ models (JCIR, JCIR++) | p. 109 |
Deterministic-Shift Extension of Lognormal Models | p. 110 |
Some Further Remarks on Derivatives Pricing | p. 112 |
Pricing European Options on a Coupon-Bearing Bond | p. 112 |
The Monte Carlo Simulation | p. 114 |
Pricing Early-Exercise Derivatives with a Tree | p. 116 |
A Fundamental Case of Early Exercise: Bermudan-Style Swaptions | p. 121 |
Implied Cap Volatility Curves | p. 124 |
The Black and Karasinski Model | p. 125 |
The CIR++ Model | p. 126 |
The Extended Exponential-Vasicek Model | p. 128 |
Implied Swaption Volatility Surfaces | p. 129 |
The Black and Karasinski Model | p. 30 |
The Extended Exponential-Vasicek Model | p. 131 |
An Example of Calibration to Real-Market Data | p. 132 |
Two-Factor Short-Rate Models | p. 137 |
Introduction and Motivation | p. 137 |
The Two-Additive-Factor Gaussian Model G2++ | p. 142 |
The Short-Rate Dynamics | p. 143 |
The Pricing of a Zero-Coupon Bond | p. 144 |
Volatility and Correlation Structures in Two-Factor Models | p. 148 |
The Pricing of a European Option on a Zero-Coupon Bond | p. 153 |
The Analogy with the Hull-White Two-Factor Model | p. 159 |
The Construction of an Approximating Binomial Tree | p. 162 |
Examples of Calibration to Real-Market Data | p. 166 |
The Two-Additive-Factor Extended CIR/LS Model CIR2++ | p. 175 |
The Basic Two-Factor CIR2 Model | p. 176 |
Relationship with the Longstaff and Schwartz Model (LS) | p. 177 |
Forward-Measure Dynamics and Option Pricing for CIR2 | p. 178 |
The CIR2++ Model and Option Pricing | p. 179 |
The Heath-Jarrow-Morton (HJM) Framework | p. 183 |
The HJM Forward-Rate Dynamics | p. 185 |
Markovianity of the Short-Rate Process | p. 186 |
The Ritchken and Sankarasubramanian Framework | p. 187 |
The Mercurio and Moraleda Model | p. 191 |
MArket Models | |
The LIBOR and Swap Market Models (LFM and LSM) | p. 195 |
Introduction | p. 195 |
Market Models: a Guided Tour | p. 196 |
The Lognormal Forward-LIBOR Model (LFM) | p. 207 |
Some Specifications of the Instantaneous Volatility of Forward Rates | p. 210 |
Forward-Rate Dynamics under Different Numeraires | p. 213 |
Calibration of the LFM to Caps and Floors Prices | p. 220 |
Piecewise-Constant Instantaneous-Volatility Structures | p. 223 |
Parametric Volatility Structures | p. 224 |
Cap Quotes in the Market | p. 225 |
The Term Structure of Volatility | p. 226 |
Piecewise-Constant Instantaneous Volatility Structures | p. 228 |
Parametric Volatility Structures | p. 231 |
Instantaneous Correlation and Terminal Correlation | p. 234 |
Swaptions and the Lognormal Forward-Swap Model (LSM) | p. 237 |
Swaptions Hedging | p. 241 |
Cash-Settled Swaptions | p. 243 |
Incompatibility between the LFM and the LSM | p. 244 |
The Structure of Instantaneous Correlations | p. 246 |
Some convenient full rank parameterizations | p. 248 |
Reduced-rank formulations: Rebonato's angles and eigen-values zeroing | p. 250 |
Reducing the angles | p. 259 |
Monte Carlo Pricing of Swaptions with the LFM | p. 264 |
Monte Carlo Standard Error | p. 266 |
Monte Carlo Variance Reduction: Control Variate Estimator | p. 269 |
Rank-One Analytical Swaption Prices | p. 271 |
Rank-r Analytical Swaption Prices | p. 277 |
A Simpler LFM Formula for Swaptions Volatilities | p. 281 |
A Formula for Terminal Correlations of Forward Rates | p. 284 |
Calibration to Swaptions Prices | p. 287 |
Instantaneous Correlations: Inputs (Historical Estimation) or Outputs (Fitting Parameters)? | p. 290 |
The exogenous correlation matrix | p. 291 |
Historical Estimation | p. 292 |
Pivot matrices | p. 295 |
Connecting Caplet and S x 1-Swaption Volatilities | p. 300 |
Forward and Spot Rates over Non-Standard Periods | p. 307 |
Drift Interpolation | p. 308 |
The Bridging Technique | p. 310 |
Cases of Calibration of the LIBOR Market Model | p. 313 |
Inputs for the First Cases | p. 315 |
Joint Calibration with Piecewise-Constant Volatilities as in Table 5 | p. 315 |
Joint Calibration with Parameterized Volatilities as in Formulation 7 | p. 319 |
Exact Swaptions "Cascade" Calibration with Volatilities as in Table 1 | p. 322 |
Some Numerical Results | p. 330 |
A Pause for Thought | p. 337 |
First summary | p. 337 |
An automatic fast analytical calibration of LFM to swaptions. Motivations and plan | p. 338 |
Further Numerical Studies on the Cascade Calibration Algorithm | p. 340 |
Cascade Calibration under Various Correlations and Ranks | p. 342 |
Cascade Calibration Diagnostics: Terminal Correlation and Evolution of Volatilities | p. 346 |
The interpolation for the swaption matrix and its impact on the CCA | p. 349 |
Empirically efficient Cascade Calibration | p. 351 |
CCA with Endogenous Interpolation and Based Only on Pure Market Data | p. 352 |
Financial Diagnostics of the RCCAEI test results | p. 359 |
Endogenous Cascade Interpolation for missing swaptions volatilities quotes | p. 364 |
A first partial check on the calibrated [sigma] parameters stability | p. 364 |
Reliability: Monte Carlo tests | p. 366 |
Cascade Calibration and the cap market | p. 369 |
Cascade Calibration: Conclusions | p. 372 |
Monte Carlo Tests for LFM Analytical Approximations | p. 377 |
First Part. Tests Based on the Kullback Leibler Information (KLI) | p. 378 |
Distance between distributions: The Kullback Leibler information | p. 378 |
Distance of the LFM swap rate from the lognormal family of distributions | p. 381 |
Monte Carlo tests for measuring KLI | p. 384 |
Conclusions on the KLI-based approach | p. 391 |
Second Part: Classical Tests | p. 392 |
The "Testing Plan" for Volatilities | p. 392 |
Test Results for Volatilities | p. 396 |
Case (1): Constant Instantaneous Volatilities | p. 396 |
Case (2): Volatilities as Functions of Time to Maturity | p. 401 |
Case (3): Humped and Maturity-Adjusted Instantaneous Volatilities Depending only on Time to Maturity | p. 410 |
The "Testing Plan" for Terminal Correlations | p. 421 |
Test Results for Terminal Correlations | p. 427 |
Case (i): Humped and Maturity-Adjusted Instantaneous Volatilities Depending only on Time to Maturity, Typical Rank-Two Correlations | p. 427 |
Case (ii): Constant Instantaneous Volatilities, Typical Rank-Two Correlations | p. 430 |
Case (iii): Humped and Maturity-Adjusted Instantaneous Volatilities Depending only on Time to Maturity, Some Negative Rank-Two Correlations | p. 432 |
Case (iv): Constant Instantaneous Volatilities, Some Negative Rank-Two Correlations | p. 438 |
Case (v): Constant Instantaneous Volatilities, Perfect Correlations, Upwardly Shifted [Phi]'s | p. 439 |
Test Results: Stylized Conclusions | p. 442 |
The Volatility Smile | |
Including the Smile in the LFM | p. 447 |
A Mini-tour on the Smile Problem | p. 447 |
Modeling the Smile | p. 450 |
Local-Volatility Models | p. 453 |
The Shifted-Lognormal Model | p. 454 |
The Constant Elasticity of Variance Model | p. 456 |
A Class of Analytically-Tractable Models | p. 459 |
A Lognormal-Mixture (LM) Model | p. 463 |
Forward Rates Dynamics under Different Measures | p. 467 |
Decorrelation Between Underlying and Volatility | p. 469 |
Shifting the LM Dynamics | p. 469 |
A Lognormal-Mixture with Different Means (LMDM) | p. 471 |
The Case of Hyperbolic-Sine Processes | p. 473 |
Testing the Above Mixture-Models on Market Data | p. 475 |
A Second General Class | p. 478 |
A Particular Case: a Mixture of GBM's | p. 483 |
An Extension of the GBM Mixture Model Allowing for Implied Volatility Skews | p. 486 |
A General Dynamics a la Dupire (1994) | p. 489 |
Stochastic-Volatility Models | p. 495 |
The Andersen and Brotherton-Ratcliffe (2001) Model | p. 497 |
The Wu and Zhang (2002) Model | p. 501 |
The Piterbarg (2003) Model | p. 504 |
The Hagan, Kumar, Lesniewski and Woodward (2002) Model | p. 508 |
The Joshi and Rebonato (2003) Model | p. 513 |
Uncertain-Parameter Models | p. 517 |
The Shifted-Lognormal Model with Uncertain Parameters (SLMUP) | p. 519 |
Relationship with the Lognormal-Mixture LVM | p. 520 |
Calibration to Caplets | p. 520 |
Swaption Pricing | p. 522 |
Monte-Carlo Swaption Pricing | p. 524 |
Calibration to Swaptions | p. 526 |
Calibration to Market Data | p. 528 |
Testing the Approximation for Swaptions Prices | p. 530 |
Further Model Implications | p. 535 |
Joint Calibration to Caps and Swaptions | p. 539 |
Examples of Market Payoffs | |
Pricing Derivatives on a Single Interest-Rate Curve | p. 547 |
In-Arrears Swaps | p. 548 |
In-Arrears Caps | p. 550 |
A First Analytical Formula (LFM) | p. 550 |
A Second Analytical Formula (G2++) | p. 551 |
Autocaps | p. 551 |
Caps with Deferred Caplets | p. 552 |
A First Analytical Formula (LFM) | p. 553 |
A Second Analytical Formula (G2++) | p. 553 |
Ratchet Caps and Floors | p. 554 |
Analytical Approximation for Ratchet Caps with the LFM | p. 555 |
Ratchets (One-Way Floaters) | p. 556 |
Constant-Maturity Swaps (CMS) | p. 557 |
CMS with the LFM | p. 557 |
CMS with the G2++ Model | p. 559 |
The Convexity Adjustment and Applications to CMS | p. 559 |
Natural and Unnatural Time Lags | p. 559 |
The Convexity-Adjustment Technique | p. 561 |
Deducing a Simple Lognormal Dynamics from the Adjustment | p. 565 |
Application to CMS | p. 565 |
Forward Rate Resetting Unnaturally and Average-Rate Swaps | p. 566 |
Average Rate Caps | p. 568 |
Captions and Floortions | p. 570 |
Zero-Coupon Swaptions | p. 571 |
Eurodollar Futures | p. 575 |
The Shifted Two-Factor Vasicek G2++ Model | p. 576 |
Eurodollar Futures with the LFM | p. 577 |
LFM Pricing with "In-Between" Spot Rates | p. 578 |
Accrual Swaps | p. 579 |
Trigger Swaps | p. 582 |
LFM Pricing with Early Exercise and Possible Path Dependence | p. 584 |
LFM: Pricing Bermudan Swaptions | p. 588 |
Least Squared Monte Carlo Approach | p. 589 |
Carr and Yang's Approach | p. 591 |
Andersen's Approach | p. 592 |
Numerical Example | p. 595 |
New Generation of Contracts | p. 601 |
Target Redemption Notes | p. 602 |
CMS Spread Options | p. 603 |
Pricing Derivatives on Two Interest-Rate Curves | p. 607 |
The Attractive Features of G2++ for Multi-Curve Payoffs | p. 608 |
The Model | p. 608 |
Interaction Between Models of the Two Curves "1" and "2" | p. 610 |
The Two-Models Dynamics under a Unique Convenient Forward Measure | p. 611 |
Quanto Constant-Maturity Swaps | p. 613 |
Quanto CMS: The Contract | p. 613 |
Quanto CMS: The G2++ Model | p. 615 |
Quanto CMS: Quanto Adjustment | p. 621 |
Differential Swaps | p. 623 |
The Contract | p. 623 |
Differential Swaps with the G2++ Model | p. 624 |
A Market-Like Formula | p. 626 |
Market Formulas for Basic Quanto Derivatives | p. 626 |
The Pricing of Quanto Caplets/Floorlets | p. 627 |
The Pricing of Quanto Caps/Floors | p. 628 |
The Pricing of Differential Swaps | p. 629 |
The Pricing of Quanto Swaptions | p. 630 |
Pricing of Options on two Currency LIBOR Rates | p. 633 |
Spread Options | p. 635 |
Options on the Product | p. 637 |
Trigger Swaps | p. 638 |
Dealing with Multiple Dates | p. 639 |
Inflation | |
Pricing of Inflation-Indexed Derivatives | p. 643 |
The Foreign-Currency Analogy | p. 644 |
Definitions and Notation | p. 645 |
The JY Model | p. 646 |
Inflation-Indexed Swaps | p. 649 |
Pricing of a ZCIIS | p. 649 |
Pricing of a YYIIS | p. 651 |
Pricing of a YYIIS with the JY Model | p. 652 |
Pricing of a YYIIS with a First Market Model | p. 654 |
Pricing of a YYIIS with a Second Market Model | p. 657 |
Inflation-Indexed Caplets/Floorlets | p. 661 |
Pricing with the JY Model | p. 661 |
Pricing with the Second Market Model | p. 663 |
Inflation-Indexed Caps | p. 665 |
Calibration to market data | p. 669 |
Introducing Stochastic Volatility | p. 673 |
Modeling Forward CPI's with Stochastic Volatility | p. 674 |
Pricing Formulae | p. 676 |
Exact Solution for the Uncorrelated Case | p. 677 |
Approximated Dynamics for Non-zero Correlations | p. 680 |
Example of Calibration | p. 681 |
Pricing Hybrids with an Inflation Component | p. 689 |
A Simple Hybrid Payoff | p. 689 |
Credit | |
Introduction and Pricing under Counterparty Risk | p. 695 |
Introduction and Guided Tour | p. 696 |
Reduced form (Intensity) models | p. 697 |
CDS Options Market Models | p. 699 |
Firm Value (or Structural) Models | p. 702 |
Further Models | p. 704 |
The Multi-name picture: FtD, CDO and Copula Functions | p. 705 |
First to Default (FtD) Basket | p. 705 |
Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) Tranches | p. 707 |
Where can we introduce dependence? | p. 708 |
Copula Functions | p. 710 |
Dynamic Loss models | p. 718 |
What data are available in the market? | p. 719 |
Defaultable (corporate) zero coupon bonds | p. 723 |
Defaultable (corporate) coupon bonds | p. 724 |
Credit Default Swaps and Defaultable Floaters | p. 724 |
CDS payoffs: Different Formulations | p. 725 |
CDS pricing formulas | p. 727 |
Changing filtration: F[subscript t] without default VS complete G[subscript t] | p. 728 |
CDS forward rates: The first definition | p. 730 |
Market quotes, model independent implied survival probabilities and implied hazard functions | p. 731 |
A simpler formula for calibrating intensity to a single CDS | p. 735 |
Different Definitions of CDS Forward Rates and Analogies with the LIBOR and SWAP rates | p. 737 |
Defaultable Floater and CDS | p. 739 |
CDS Options and Callable Defaultable Floaters | p. 743 |
Constant Maturity CDS | p. 744 |
Some interesting Financial features of CMCDS | p. 745 |
Interest-Rate Payoffs with Counterparty Risk | p. 747 |
General Valuation of Counterparty Risk | p. 748 |
Counterparty Risk in single Interest Rate Swaps (IRS) | p. 750 |
Intensity Models | p. 757 |
Introduction and Chapter Description | p. 757 |
Poisson processes | p. 759 |
Time homogeneous Poisson processes | p. 760 |
Time inhomogeneous Poisson Processes | p. 761 |
Cox Processes | p. 763 |
CDS Calibration and Implied Hazard Rates/Intensities | p. 764 |
Inducing dependence between Interest-rates and the default event | p. 776 |
The Filtration Switching Formula: Pricing under partial information | p. 777 |
Default Simulation in reduced form models | p. 778 |
Standard error | p. 781 |
Variance Reduction with Control Variate | p. 783 |
Stochastic Intensity: The SSRD model | p. 785 |
A two-factor shifted square-root diffusion model for intensity and interest rates (Brigo and Alfonsi (2003)) | p. 786 |
Calibrating the joint stochastic model to CDS: Separability | p. 789 |
Discretization schemes for simulating ([lambda], r) | p. 797 |
Study of the convergence of the discretization schemes for simulating CIR processes (Alfonsi (2005)) | p. 801 |
Gaussian dependence mapping: A tractable approximated SSRD | p. 812 |
Numerical Tests: Gaussian Mapping and Correlation Impact | p. 815 |
The impact of correlation on a few "test payoffs" | p. 817 |
A pricing example: A Cancellable Structure | p. 818 |
CDS Options and Jamshidian's Decomposition | p. 820 |
Bermudan CDS Options | p. 830 |
Stochastic diffusion intensity is not enough: Adding jumps. The JCIR(++) Model | p. 830 |
The jump-diffusion CIR model (JCIR) | p. 831 |
Bond (or Survival Probability) Formula | p. 832 |
Exact calibration of CDS: The JCIR++ model | p. 833 |
Simulation | p. 833 |
Jamshidian's Decomposition | p. 834 |
Attaining high levels of CDS implied volatility | p. 836 |
JCIR(++) models as a multi-name possibility | p. 837 |
Conclusions and further research | p. 838 |
CDS Options Market Models | p. 841 |
CDS Options and Callable Defaultable Floaters | p. 844 |
Once-callable defaultable floaters | p. 846 |
A market formula for CDS options and callable defaultable floaters | p. 847 |
Market formulas for CDS Options | p. 847 |
Market Formula for callable DFRN | p. 849 |
Examples of Implied Volatilities from the Market | p. 852 |
Towards a Completely Specified Market Model | p. 854 |
First Choice. One-period and two-period rates | p. 855 |
Second Choice: Co-terminal and one-period CDS rates market model | p. 860 |
Third choice. Approximation: One-period CDS rates dynamics | p. 861 |
Hints at Smile Modeling | p. 863 |
Constant Maturity Credit Default Swaps (CMCDS) with the market model | p. 864 |
CDS and Constant Maturity CDS | p. 864 |
Proof of the main result | p. 867 |
A few numerical examples | p. 869 |
Appendices | |
Other Interest-Rate Models | p. 877 |
Brennan and Schwartz's Model | p. 877 |
Balduzzi, Das, Foresi and Sundaram's Model | p. 878 |
Flesaker and Hughston's Model | p. 879 |
Rogers's Potential Approach | p. 881 |
Markov Functional Models | p. 881 |
Pricing Equity Derivatives under Stochastic Rates | p. 883 |
The Short Rate and Asset-Price Dynamics | p. 883 |
The Dynamics under the Forward Measure | p. 886 |
The Pricing of a European Option on the Given Asset | p. 888 |
A More General Model | p. 889 |
The Construction of an Approximating Tree for r | p. 890 |
The Approximating Tree for S | p. 892 |
The Two-Dimensional Tree | p. 893 |
A Crash Intro to Stochastic Differential Equations and Poisson Processes | p. 897 |
From Deterministic to Stochastic Differential Equations | p. 897 |
Ito's Formula | p. 904 |
Discretizing SDEs for Monte Carlo: Euler and Milstein Schemes | p. 906 |
Examples | p. 908 |
Two Important Theorems | p. 910 |
A Crash Intro to Poisson Processes | p. 913 |
Time inhomogeneous Poisson Processes | p. 915 |
Doubly Stochastic Poisson Processes (or Cox Processes) | p. 916 |
Compound Poisson processes | p. 917 |
Jump-diffusion Processes | p. 918 |
A Useful Calculation | p. 919 |
A Second Useful Calculation | p. 921 |
Approximating Diffusions with Trees | p. 925 |
Trivia and Frequently Asked Questions | p. 931 |
Talking to the Traders | p. 935 |
References | p. 951 |
Index | p. 967 |
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