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xv | |
| Foreword |
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xvii | |
| Preface |
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xviii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xx | |
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Environmental physics: Processes and issues |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (3) |
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The environment: the science of the twenty-first century? |
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4 | (3) |
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Environmental concerns in the late twentieth century |
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4 | (3) |
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What is environmental physics? |
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7 | (1) |
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Physics in the environment |
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7 | (8) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (1) |
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Environmental physics and the global environmental agenda |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (39) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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First Law of Thermodynamics |
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18 | (1) |
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Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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18 | (1) |
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Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics |
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19 | (2) |
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Laws of Thermodynamics and the human body |
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21 | (5) |
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21 | (1) |
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Thermodynamics and the human body |
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22 | (1) |
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First Law of Thermodynamics and the human body |
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23 | (1) |
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Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Gibbs free energy |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (16) |
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27 | (4) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (5) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (5) |
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Thermal comfort and insulation |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (3) |
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Effect of heat on the human body |
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47 | (3) |
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Taking risks, weather and survival |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (6) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (4) |
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56 | (34) |
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56 | (2) |
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Thermal regulation in buildings |
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58 | (7) |
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58 | (2) |
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Thermal conduction effects |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (6) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Calculation of energy losses |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (2) |
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Air regulation in buildings |
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71 | (4) |
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71 | (1) |
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Ventilation installations |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (8) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (2) |
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Condensation in buildings |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (3) |
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Checklist for a future house |
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84 | (2) |
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Energy use and carbon dioxide emissions |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (3) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (40) |
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90 | (3) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (3) |
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Electromagnetic induction |
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94 | (1) |
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Electrical power transmission |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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Energy efficiency in transport |
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97 | (2) |
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Water for the urban environment |
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99 | (3) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (3) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (6) |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (2) |
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The car as an urban pollutant |
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116 | (6) |
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Internal combustion engine |
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117 | (2) |
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Efficiency of the car engine |
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119 | (1) |
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Reducing vehicle emissions |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (4) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (4) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (50) |
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130 | (3) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (8) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (9) |
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Transferring solar energy |
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145 | (2) |
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Solar photovoltaic electricity |
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147 | (5) |
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152 | (11) |
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Average power of a moving mass of fluid |
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154 | (1) |
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Bernoulli's theorem and the aerofoil |
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155 | (3) |
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Forces acting on wind-turbine propeller blades |
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158 | (4) |
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Laminar and turbulent flow |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Water moving through a cylindrical tube |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (5) |
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Mathematics of wave power |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (3) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (4) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (3) |
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180 | (18) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (3) |
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Resolution of satellite images |
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185 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (4) |
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Applications of remote sensing data |
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191 | (3) |
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Meteorological satellites |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (4) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (3) |
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The Sun and the atmosphere |
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198 | (44) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (6) |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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Solar cycles and climate change |
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201 | (3) |
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Structure and composition of the Earth's atmosphere |
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204 | (5) |
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Structure of the atmosphere |
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204 | (3) |
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Composition of the atmosphere |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (2) |
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Pressure and temperature as functions of altitude |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (6) |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Solar photo-induced chemistry |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (7) |
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The Earth's ultraviolet filter |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (2) |
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Ozone loss in the Antarctic polar region |
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222 | (2) |
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Ozone loss in the Arctic polar region |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (5) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (7) |
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Enhanced greenhouse effect |
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229 | (2) |
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Global warming: the evidence |
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231 | (1) |
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Global warming: the predictions |
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232 | (2) |
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Sea-level rise and global warming |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (6) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (5) |
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Observing the Earth's weather |
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242 | (33) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (11) |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Precipitation measurement |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (2) |
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Global weather monitoring network |
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253 | (4) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (5) |
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257 | (1) |
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Computer modelling of weather |
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257 | (1) |
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Chaos in weather forecasting |
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258 | (4) |
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262 | (3) |
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Water: the unique molecule |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Physics of cloud formation |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (3) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (2) |
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Global weather patterns and climate |
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275 | (44) |
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Introduction: atmospheric motion |
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275 | (1) |
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Air masses and weather fronts |
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275 | (1) |
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Principal forces acting on a parcel of air in the atmosphere |
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276 | (4) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Pressure gradients and winds |
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280 | (4) |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (1) |
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Thermal gradients and winds |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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Global weather and climate patterns |
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287 | (29) |
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287 | (3) |
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290 | (7) |
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297 | (3) |
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300 | (7) |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (6) |
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316 | (3) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (44) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (8) |
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328 | (7) |
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Movement of water through soils |
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335 | (7) |
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342 | (2) |
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Leaching of solutes through soil profiles |
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344 | (3) |
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Evaporation from the land surface |
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347 | (13) |
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Energy requirement for evaporation |
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347 | (1) |
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Energy balance of wet and dry land surfaces |
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348 | (3) |
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Mechanisms for the transfer of latent and sensible heat away from the evaporating surface |
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351 | (2) |
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Potential evaporation and the Penman equation |
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353 | (4) |
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Evaporation from the land surface |
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357 | (3) |
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360 | (3) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (2) |
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Vegetation growth and the carbon balance |
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363 | (34) |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (5) |
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365 | (1) |
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Rate of plant development |
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365 | (4) |
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Impact of global warming on crop distribution |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (13) |
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Photosynthesis by individual leaves |
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371 | (5) |
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Photosynthesis by a vegetation canopy |
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376 | (6) |
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382 | (1) |
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Allocation of new growth between the various plant parts |
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383 | (1) |
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Water stress and vegetation growth |
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383 | (5) |
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Carbon balance of the land surface |
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388 | (6) |
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388 | (2) |
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Degradation of soil organic matter |
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390 | (2) |
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Modelling soil organic matter dynamics |
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392 | (2) |
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394 | (3) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (2) |
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Environmental issues for the twenty-first century |
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397 | (29) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (2) |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (3) |
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401 | (1) |
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Climate change, survival and health |
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402 | (1) |
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Models, predictions and uncertainties |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (2) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (2) |
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Summary: environmental physics as an enabling science |
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409 | (1) |
| Appendices |
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410 | (2) |
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2 Mathematics behind Newton's law of cooling |
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412 | (1) |
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3 Energy consumption self-assessment |
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412 | (3) |
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415 | (3) |
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5 Pressure variation with altitude |
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418 | (2) |
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6 Derivation of the lapse rate |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (2) |
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8 Environmental risk and environment impact assessment of ozone-related disasters |
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423 | (2) |
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425 | (1) |
| Answers to numerical questions |
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426 | (3) |
| Bibliography |
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429 | (7) |
| Glossary |
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436 | (19) |
| Index |
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455 | |